<p>Germein Bay is a bay in the Australian state of South Australia located at the northern end Spencer Gulf on the gulf’s east coast to the immediate north of the city of Port Pirie. Its extent includes the port known as ‘Port Pirie’ and the former port of Port Germein. Since 2012, the majority of the bay has been within the protected area known as the Upper Spencer Gulf Marine Park.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Germein Bay is located in South Australia at the northern end of Spencer Gulf on the gulf’s east coast to the immediate north of the city of Port Pirie. It lies between the headland of Point Jarrold at its southern extremity and Ward Spit, a shoal exposed at low tide, which extends west from Ward Point on the mainland at its northern extremity.</p><br>
<p>The bay’s south coastline consists of “thick mangroves with partially-flooded land behind; it is bordered by drying sand and mud flats, which dry for a distance of 1 nmi.” The mangroves extend along the east side of the bay up to the southern side of a feature known both as Weeroona Island and as Mount Ferguson. The western side of Weeroona Island and the remainder of the coastline of the bay (not including Ward Spit) are “free of mangroves and dominated by low energy beaches fronted by wide sand flats.”</p><br>
<p>The bay’s coastline includes the following settlements - the city of Port Pirie on the west and south sides of the estuary of the Port Pirie River, Weeroona Island on Weeroona Island in the south-east corner of the bay and Port Germein in the north-east corner of the bay.</p><br>
<p>The bay is described in an American source as being “fouled by numerous shoals, banks, and shallow depths.” The middle of the bay is occupied by a shoal called Cockle Spit which is exposed at low tide. Water depths within the bay are less than 5 m with exception to the part of the bay between Cockle Spit and Ward Spit in the bay’s northern side where depths are greater than 10 m with a charted maximum depth of 15.2 m.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The bay is reported as being named after John Germein, a pilot employed by the South Australian government during the 19th century and a brother of Benjamin Germein.</p><br>
<h2>Port</h2><br>
<h3>Official extent of harbor and port</h3><br>
<p>A portion of the bay and some waters to its immediate west have been declared under the Harbors and Navigation Regulations 2009 both as a harbor and as a port known respectively as the Harbor of Port Pirie and as Port Pirie. The harbor is enclosed by a line from Ward Point in the northeast to a point located in Spencer Gulf to the west about 13 nmi north-west of Mount Ferguson and then to a point in the south on the south coast of the bay immediately west of Port Pirie. The port consists of part of the Port Pirie River, the channel extending north to the Port Germein jetty and the channel extending west from the jetty to the middle of Spencer Gulf and the western limit of the harbor.</p><br>
<h3>Approach to port facility</h3><br>
<p>Ships need to pass through the bay in order to reach to the port facility at Port Pirie. This is achieved by entering the bay on its northern side where the water is the deepest. This passage is known as the ‘northern channel’. At a point between Cockle Spit and the jetty at Port Germein, a dredged channel needs be entered in order to proceed in a southerly direction to the estuary of the Port Pirie River where berths are located. This channel is known as the ‘Port Pirie shipping channel’.</p><br>
<h3>Port infrastructure</h3><br>
<p>Port infrastructure within the bay consists of a port facility, a range of navigation aids, a jetty and a number of boat ramps.</p><br>
<p>The port facility which is located in the Port Pirie River consists of eight berths catering both for ships up to 183 m in length and the bulk loading of materials such as acid, grain and ores such as lead and coal. The facility is managed by Flinders Ports.</p><br>
<p>Navigation aids located within the bay consist of lit beacons along the alignment of both the northern channel and the Port Pirie shipping channel, flashing lights on both the Port Germein jetty and the south side of Weeroona Island and a number of buoys and other markers in the southern side of the bay to identify specific navigation hazards.</p><br>
<p>A jetty is located at Port Germein which was originally constructed in 1881 for use as a wharf for loading ships and which is now used for recreational activities such as fishing.</p><br>
<p>Boat ramps are located (from south to north) in the Port Pirie River in the suburbs of Solomontown and Port Pirie, on Weeroona Island and at Port Germein.</p><br>
<h2>Protected area status</h2><br>
<p>The part of the bay’s extent which has not declared to be a port under state law has been occupied by the Upper Spencer Gulf Marine Park since 2012.</p><br>
<h2>Citations and references</h2><br>
<h3>Citations</h3><br>
<p>Peru High School Historic District is a historic school complex and national historic district located at Peru, Miami County, Indiana. It encompasses the Classical Revival style Central Grade School , Collegiate Gothic style Industrial Arts Building , and Art Deco style former high school . The high school was built as a Works Progress Administration project along with the Tig-Arena and is a two-story masonry building. The school yard is considered a contributing site. The high school remained in use as a high school until the new Peru High School was built in 1969-1971. Since 1990, the buildings have served as headquarters for the Miami Nation of Indiana.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013.</p><br>
<p>Terrell Jacobs Circus Winter Quarters, also known as Pipe Creek Wild Animal Farm and Circus Winter Headquarters, is a historic circus complex and national historic district located at Pipe Creek Township, Miami County, Indiana. The district encompasses five contributing buildings, three contributing sites, three contributing structures, and seven contributing objects related to the circus headquarters. Most notable are the Terrell Jacobs Cat Barn , Terrell Jacobs Elephant Barn , and the Circus Drive-In Restaurant . Other notable contributing resources are the Elephant Rock , Jacobs Bridge , six Cole Brothers Circus Wagons , creek landscape and Wallace Grotto , and the wild animal graveyard . The property was the site of the birth of Tony, a captive white tiger.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.</p><br>
<p>The Old McDonald County Courthouse is a National Register of Historic Places listed building located at 400 N. Main Street in Pineville, Missouri, the county seat of McDonald County, Missouri. It is situated in the center of Pinevilles town square and served as the countys courthouse from 1871 until 1978, when a new courthouse was constructed two blocks north of the square. The structure underwent a significant restoration from 2010-2015 and is currently operated as a museum by the McDonald County Historical Society. It is designed in the American Foursquare style and was featured in the 1939 film Jesse James, which starred Tyrone Power as the titular outlaw and Henry Fonda as his brother Frank James. It is one of three sites in the county on the National Register of Historic Places, which also includes the Powell Bridge in the rural community of Powell, Missouri.</p><br>
<p>The main, two-story section of the building is three bays on the east and west and five bays on the north and south. Its current stucco exterior, which was added in 1943, covers thick, load-bearing walls that consist of soft, locally made bricks, many of which were salvaged from the rubble of a previous courthouse on the site. The building is on a dressed and faced stone foundation with a stone water table and the hipped roof is slightly flared, with each slope containing a vented dormer. A paneled frieze circles the entire second floor of the structure and the courthouse’s numerous double-hung 2-on-2 windows appear original. The one story addition on the south side of the courthouse was added in 1943, at the same time the stucco exterior was applied, which was necessary to protect the soft bricks from deterioration.</p><br>
<h2>Previous courthouses</h2><br>
<p>Upon the creation of McDonald County from neighboring Newton County on March 3, 1849, two communities, Rutledge and Maryville (which was later renamed Pineville) vied to be the county seat. The competition included an 1850 confrontation in Rutledge that resulted in the death of three participants. As such, from 1849 until the winter of 1857 the county operated with two courthouses, the one in Rutledge being a log structure, and two sets of officials. Finally, the Missouri General Assembly appointed commissioners to select the permanent location of the county seat, that choice being Pineville.</p><br>
<h3>1858 Courthouse</h3><br>
<p>The first courthouse in Pineville, following the official designation of the town as the county seat, was a one-story frame building built in 1858-59. It measured 30 feet square and stood at the corner of Third and Main. The site of that first courthouse would later be a livery stable.</p><br>
<h3>1861 Courthouse</h3><br>
<p>The second courthouse was a three-story brick building built in 1861. It was located in the approximate location of the existing Old McDonald County Courthouse in the center of the town square. The top story was reserved for the Freemasons, though the main lodge room was apparently never used for this purpose. The anteroom on the third floor, however, was rented for circuit and county clerk’s office space. During the Civil War, McDonald County faced a tumultuous period, with residents alliances split between the Union and the Confederacy. The result of this led the rise of bushwackers in the area. In August or September 1863 the courthouse was burned during an attack by bushwackers from south of town, led by a local man named Bill Hinson, destroying most of the countys records. The only records believed to be saved from the fire were a few carried away by County Clerk Absolem Applebee (A.A.) Hensley (1810-1882).</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>Lacking a permanent courthouse for three years, in November 1866 the court appointed a representative to rent rooms for county use and to sell the bricks and bats from the old courthouse. Roman Malach, a local historian, noted a payment of $25 made to Neosho-based millwright and architect Zelats P. Cogswell (1829-1900) for designing the plans of a new courthouse beginning in 1869. and construction began in 1870 on a brick building to measure approximately 42 by 48 feet. The building&#39;s construction included the use of some of the bricks from the previous 1861 courthouse along with new materials, including oak timber rafters and floor beams, primarily 2x12s, and soft locally made bricks. The court accepted the finished building on June 3, 1871.</p><br>
<p>The construction of the building was paid for, at least partially, by the issuance of bonds. In June 1981, George Foster, who owned the Ginger Blue Resort in the nearby McDonald County community of Ginger Blue, found in the resorts attic one of these bonds, dated June 19, 1871, that offered a face value of $100, plus 10 percent annual interest. When accounting for the interest over 110 years, the value was estimated at $3,574,636.84. The county court convened on the issue and considering the county was $5,000 in debt and its budget was less than one-third the value of Fosters bond, they rejected it on the condition for redemption of the bond, which stated "at the pleasure of the county court." Foster&#39;s discovery of the bond also fueled other people coming forward with similar bonds, but the county court rejected all of them.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>As originally built, the building contained four rooms downstairs that held county offices with a large courtroom upstairs, that may have contained a holding area for prisoners at the top of an exterior stairwell. The entrances to the main long east-west hallway were double-leaf and transomed, consisting of two 3x12 doors. The transoms consisted of two glass panes separated by vertical wood muntins. The upstairs courtroom was accessed by an exterior enclosed staircase on the east side of the building. The original four-room interior with a courtroom upstairs was not elaborate, consisting of hardwood pine flooring, brick walls that were plastered and painted, and hewn lumber for the ceiling. The rudimentary appearance of the building exemplified the simplicity of McDonald County (and much of southwestern Missouri) at the time.</p><br>
<h2>Renovations and additions</h2><br>
<p>In the century following the courthouse&#39;s construction, the building saw multiple additions and changes to enlarge and modernize it.</p><br>
<h3>1905 addition</h3><br>
<p>The added rooms featured hardwood pine flooring, modest string course moldings and corner blocks, while the existing rooms were left with their original plank flooring. A vault was installed in the northeast corner room of the original Foursquare portion, with entry through a five-foot hallway between the original northwest room and the added-on northeast room. On the second floor, a hallway was added leading to the courtroom. The attic and the staircase above the second floor were only partially finished, with views of brick walls, rafters and other portions of the building’s wood framework, and lathing readily visible. Horizontal tongue-and-groove siding was installed in the finished attic rooms. The courtroom itself was enlarged to provide more space in the jury box and seating area for attorneys. This was done by reducing the spectator section approximately four feet, which is still evidenced by marks left in the wood flooring and plastered walls. Although no records exist to indicate when this renovation to the courtroom was completed, it is surmised that these changes occurred in connection with the 1905 addition.</p><br>
<h3>1924 electrical installation</h3><br>
<p>Electricity was installed in the building in 1924. This included 12 lights throughout the structure, including four in the courtroom.</p><br>
<h3>1943 addition</h3><br>
<p>In 1943 a one-story frame addition with a flat roof was added along the full length of the south side of the courthouse. The addition included restrooms was needed to provide additional office and vault space. It increased the total size of the courthouse to 5,761 square feet. It was also at this time that the building was stuccoed, covering up the original brick exterior, and painted white. The stucco provided both a uniform veneer to the building and aided in preventing continued deterioration of the original soft brick exterior. Additionally, small double windows located in the attic dormers were boxed in and replaced by louvered vents and battens.</p><br>
<p>At this time, the downstairs rooms were assigned to the county clerk, collector, circuit clerk and recorder, probate judge and treasurer. And the second floor included the courtroom and offices for the superintendent of schools and the judge’s chambers which doubled as a jury room.</p><br>
<h3>1969 renovation</h3><br>
<p>Modern paneling was installed throughout the building&#39;s interior, covering the original painted plaster walls,&lt; and a suspended ceiling was added to the courtroom, lowering it from its original 16 foot height. During this time the courtroom was also rewired and new light fixtures were installed.</p><br>
<h3>1973 renovation</h3><br>
<p>In 1973 small changes were made in the 1943 addition, when a storage area was created by moving and renovating multiple restrooms. The storage was designated for voter registration files.</p><br>
<h2>Jesse James film</h2><br>
<p>While looking for a location to shoot his film, director Henry King first visited Clay County, Missouri, as it would have been the historically correct location, having actually been the home county of Jesse and Frank James. But King decided it looked much too modern for the film, so his friend Billy Parker, a Phillips Petroleum executive, recommended Pineville as a stand in for the town of Liberty, Missouri. Actor Tyrone Power, who portrayed Jesse James in the film, even wrote in his diary that “... the old red-brick courthouse... in Pineville... looks today more like yesterday’s Liberty than the modern town of Liberty does...” It took little to make courthouse camera-ready, largely limited to the addition of a temporary stone plaque over the main entrance inscribed with Clay County Courthouse. In the film itself, the courthouse is prominently featured. Major jail scenes were filmed inside the building and it also appears in outdoor shots, as the center of the public square where much action was staged.</p><br>
<h2>Threats of demolition and replacement</h2><br>
<p>At multiple times in its history the Old McDonald County Courthouse faced potential destruction. One of the earliest came in 1940, when petitions were provided to the county asking it to hold a special election to levy bonds for the replacement of the courthouse, which only two years earlier had been featured in the Jesse James movie. The petitions sought between $20,000 and $25,000 in bond that would be used in combination with the county&#39;s share of a $80,000 Works Progress Administration project to replace the then 70 year old courthouse. And again in 1965, discussion took place of replacing the old courthouse.</p><br>
<p>In 1977, when the building of the current county courthouse was being planned, one option was to raze the existing courthouse and build on the same site. Bids were even solicited at this time for its removal, but only one was received and it was deemed too low. So the building was spared, in part due to its role in the 1939 Jesse James film. So that same year, the county court instead purchased a lot two blocks north of the city square for $10,000 with the intention of building a new courthouse. The firm of Hood-Rich, architects and consulting engineers from Springfield, Missouri, designed the one-story 72-by-84-foot masonry building and in December 1977 R. E. Smith Construction of Joplin, Missouri was chosen to building the building. The groundbreaking for the new, 5,000-square-foot building took place on December 21, 1977. The Local Public Works Capital Development and Investment Act of 1977, as amended by the Public Works Employment Act of 1977, under the USA Department of Commerce, provided a grant of $145,000 for construction of the building with local contributions of about $20,000 completing the funds.The dedication and open house for the new courthouse took place in July 1978, coinciding with the town&#39;s annual Jesse James Days festival, which celebrates the 1939 film that was shot in the town. At that time, it was the only new county courthouse in the state built purposely offsite to preserve its predecessor for posterity.</p><br>
<h2>Post 1978 uses</h2><br>
<p>After being saved from the wrecking ball when the county decided to build the new courthouse on a separate lot, the building was leased in 1979 by local woman Jo Pearcy, who spearheaded some restoration work, including the replacement of some of the oak beams in the roof, and turned the upstairs courtroom into a museum and rented out the ground floor rooms for arts and crafts shops and a small cafe.</p><br>
<p>The county continued to use part of the old courthouse for the storage of county records and by the mid 1980s reclaimed the entire structure as county-designated office space. The occupants of the building at that time included the University of Missouri Extension Center&#39;s McDonald County office, which occupied first floor offices in the building for several years until 2010. And in 2004 the county provided the local chapter of Mothers Against Drunk Driving with office space in the building.</p><br>
<h2>National Register of Historic Places designation</h2><br>
<p>Efforts to list the building on the National Register of Historic Places began as early as 1978, when the county court and other advocates pushed for inclusion on the list.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>By 2010 the old courthouse was again vacant and in danger of being demolished. So to preserve the building, the county government entered an agreement with the McDonald County Historical Society that provided a set 10 year lease with an automatic renewal. The goal of the society for taking possession of the old courthouse was to restore it to the time period of its 1905 addition and reopen it as a museum. After taking occupancy of the building, the historical society quickly began removing the suspended ceilings and paneling that were installed in 1969, revealing the building&#39;s original high ceilings, elegant wooden beams and decorative woodwork. The windows and doors were restored and the original wooden beams and moldings were refinished to their original state to reveal the natural wood. In cases of deteriorated and unsalvageable historic materials, some replication was done. Central heat and air was installed to provide climate control for artifacts, with the majority of the heat/air duct work run above the vault areas and hidden from view. And to provide handicapped access to the upstairs, an elevator is planned to be installed in the southeast rooms, the lower of which was divided in 2005 to create two handicapped accessible restrooms funded by a grant for a Visitors Center Affiliate.</p><br>
<h2>Historical Society Museum</h2><br>
<p>The McDonald County Historical Society was established in 1963 and under its guidance the old courthouse has been restored and turned into a museum focused on the history of the county. The museum opened to the public in May 2013, though at that time only the downstairs was finished with the upstairs courtroom yet to be restored. But by 2015 the restoration of the upstairs courtroom and county prosecutors office was complete. The museum is open Fridays and Saturdays during the summer months and includes exhibit areas focused on the 1939 Jesse James film; early county education; the music history of the county, which includes a focus on famed gospel songwriter Albert E. Brumley; local military service; a drug store exhibit; and a restored courtroom and county prosecutors office.</p><br>
<p>Bloomington West Side Historic District is a national historic district located at Bloomington, Monroe County, Indiana. The district encompasses 394 contributing buildings, 2 contributing sites, and 2 contributing structures in a mixed residential, commercial, and industrial section of Bloomington. It developed between about 1850 and 1946, and includes notable examples of Queen Anne and Bungalow/American Craftsman style architecture. Located in the district are the separately listed Elias Abel House, Cantol Wax Company Building, Coca-Cola Bottling Plant, Cochran-Helton-Lindley House, Illinois Central Railroad Freight Depot, Johnson&#39;s Creamery, and Second Baptist Church. Other notable contributing resources include the Works Progress Administration constructed wading pool, White Oak Cemetery, Ninth Street Park, Bloomington Wholesale Foods Warehouse , Bloomington Garage, Curry Buick, Banneker School, Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church, and Bloomington Frosted Foods.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<p>Courthouse Square Historic District is a national historic district located at Bloomington, Monroe County, Indiana. The district encompasses 57 contributing buildings in the central business district of Bloomington. It developed between about 1847 and 1936, and includes notable examples of Classical Revival, Beaux Arts and Italianate style architecture. Located in the district are the separately listed Bloomington City Hall, Monroe County Courthouse, Princess Theatre, and Wicks Building. Other notable buildings include the Federal Building , Masonic Temple, former Faulkner Hotel , Odd Fellows Building , Allen Building , First National Bank Building , Knights of Pythias Building , and Graham Hotel Building.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>The Archiepiscopal Palace of Rouen  is the official residence of the Metropolitan Archbishop of Rouen, Primate of Normandy. Designated a Monument Historique for the first time in 1862, it is notably the only archiepiscopal palace in France that is adjoining a cathedral while retaining its original function as official residence of the archbishop.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first episcopal residence was probably lying south of the nave of todays Cathedral. It is believed the archbishops residence was moved to the northeast side of the cathedral when Norman invaders raided and plundered the region, and the Duchy of Normandy was created. Standing between the choir and the rue Saint Romain, the building was extended to the east, and came close to the moats of the former ramparts dating from the fourth century AD. William Bona Anima rebuilt the archiepiscopal palace. Of this building only subsists a basement room and the foundations of the walls between the portail des Libraires (Gate of the Librarians) and the tower at the angle of the rue Saint Romain, towards the courtyard of the Maîtrise Saint-Évode.</p><br>
<p>The gothic archiepiscopal palace, contemporary to the cathedral, was commissioned by William of Flavacourt. He supervised the construction of the watchtower and the great hall of which only the gable and the openwork remain. That is where was held the last of Joan of Arc&#39;s trials, which saw the saint sentenced to death on 29 April 1431, and where also took place her procès en réhabilitation (trial in rehabilitation) in 1456. The part of the palace where the archbishops resided was lying along the cour des Libraires (Courtyard of the Librarians). The palace was restored and extended by Cardinal Archbishop Lewis of Luxembourg.</p><br>
<p>When William of Estouteville was appointed Archbishop of Rouen, he decided to bring down the private apartments of the archbishop and commissioned the construction of a new building that would suit his taste. The ground floor, where the kitchens are located, was completed in 1462. In 1463, works were carried out to build the hall on the second floor, known today as the salle des États (Hall of States). Works on the hall are completed in 1464. The same year, the winding staircase was finished. The overall cost was estimated at 400,000 pounds.</p><br>
<p>Georges dAmboise succeeded to William of Estouteville in 1495. He extended the building until 1507, with the extension adding a further 2,000,000 pounds of work. As his predecessor, he demolished the archbishops private apartments to clear up space for the current building, which houses the cour dÉglise (Court of Church). It houses the housekeepers office and the prison&#39;s cells on the ground floor, offices on the second floor and a court room on the third floor. He doubled the size of the episcopal residence by building a corps de logis on the same scale and erecting a second winding staircase that parallels the other constructed by Estouteville. He also built the pavillon Saint-Romain (Saint-Romain Pavilion) to the northeast side and the pavillon Notre-Dame (Notre-Dame Pavilion) to the southeast side. Initially terraced, the roofs were later covered. Guillaume Cornehaut, a gardener, created the plaisant jardin (Pleasant Garden) decorated with statues of Pierre de Vallence. A fountain comprising two ponds made of marble was erected between 1501 and 1507. It was surrounded by glass-panelled galleries which only lasted a few decades because of the Norman weather.</p><br>
<p>In 1650, the Assembly of Notables led by Louis XIV met in the Salle des États. In 1716, Archbishop Claude-Maur dAubigné required the demolition of the Episcopal Chapel built in the 13th century and the Chapelle de la Vierge (Chapel of the Virgin Mary). Archbishop Nicolas de Saulx-Tavannes had the large hall from the 14th century brought down. He replaced the gallery between the palace and the pavillon Saint-Romain by an ensemble of buildings known as the bibliothèque (library), to offer room for the collection of books he purchased from Pierre-Jules-César de Rochechouart, bishop of Évreux, in 1738. He further added a monumental staircase leading directly to the Salle des États. In 1742, the grand entrance to the main courtyard was designed by Le Carpentier, replacing the former gate built early in the 14th century. Through the 18th century, the façades are reshaped, remodelled to bring unity in the architecture. The large gothic openworks are replaced by regular windows alternated with trompe loeil windows. Cardinal Dominique de La Rochefoucauld continued the renovation of the Salle des États by commissioning Hubert Robert four large mural paintings. Pierre-Louis Helin was required to make modifications to the Salle Synodale (Synodal Hall).</p><br>
<p>During the Revolution, the palace served as a wheat storage and residence for the armed forces before housing the city&#39;s administration. In 1802, the palace was returned to the archbishop. Under the Churches and State Separation Act 1905, the Archbishop Frédéric Fuzet was forced to leave the palace the next year. Vacated until 1914, the building was used by the État-Major during World War I.</p><br>
<p>In 1920, Archbishop André du Bois de La Villerabel rented the palace. Thanks to the influence of his predecessor Louis-Ernest Dubois, the building was, for a second time, returned to the Archbishop of Rouen.</p><br>
<p>The Archbishopric Palace underwent restorations in the 1990s.</p><br>
<p>The new Joan of Arc memorial in Rouen is located in the Archiepiscopal Palace since 2015. It allows visitors to visit rooms that were inaccessible to the public before its opening.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage Designations</h2><br>
<p>The architectural ensemble is protected under multiple Monument Historique designations. The Archiepiscopal Palace was classified on 9 February 1909. In 1992, the building was further protected and by 10 May 1995 all structures that have ever existed on that site were classified as well. The Archiepiscopal Palace, as for Rouen Cathedral and other parts of the city, is part of a Secteur Sauvegardé (Protected Area), which prevents any unsuitable modification of the architectural unity of the Old Town.</p><br>
<p>The Jefferson Grain Warehouse is a historic warehouse in Jefferson Township, Minnesota, United States, built in 1868 on the bank of the Mississippi River. The warehouse was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994 for having local significance in the themes of commerce and transportation. It was nominated for being a rare surviving reminder of a brief period when wheat was becoming the most important agricultural crop of the Upper Midwest yet steamboats were still the leading form of transportation.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1868 the grain trade in Minnesota was growing, but few railroads existed in the state. Steamboats were the supreme mode of transportation. William Robinson of Allamakee County, Iowa, built a grain warehouse on the banks of the Mississippi to take advantage of the steamboat traffic. Shortly afterward the town of Jefferson was platted. In a few years, however, the railroad came through, and a larger town was platted to the south. The Jefferson Grain Warehouse quickly became obsolete.</p><br>
<p>When William Robinson built his warehouse in Jefferson, the closest shipping points on the Mississippi River were at Brownsville, Minnesota, and Lansing, Iowa, about 13 mi and 10 mi distant, respectively. For farmers in the Iowa–Minnesota border area it was a long trek to either port. Good landing sites were not common in the region. This made the location of the Jefferson Warehouse advantageous. The Jefferson Warehouse became an important storage facility and shipping point for grain harvested in the Portland Prairie area, which was located on both sides of the Iowa–Minnesota border.</p><br>
<p>The warehouse was constructed of wood and limestone and sat about 1 mi north of the Iowa border in Houston County, Minnesota. The rear of the building edged up to the water, making for easy transport. The Jefferson Warehouse was typical of grain warehouses of the time. Riverside warehouses were called "flat tops" to distinguish them from later grain elevators. Like the Jefferson Warehouse, others were usually built on a slope so grain could be received in one end and shipped out the other.</p><br>
<p>In 1869, Robinson and another Allamakee County man, R.P. Spencer, platted the village of Jefferson around the warehouse. A few hotels and houses were built along a single half-mile street. For a short time the village of Jefferson was on the rise, but the railroads were pushing westward. The Chicago, Dubuque and Minnesota Railroad reached the area of Jefferson in 1871. The railroad company platted New Albin to the south in Iowa. New Albin quickly became a grain trading hub based on railroad transport. A year later, Robinson died. Spencer could see that if the fledgling village of Jefferson were to survive it would have to work with the railroad. In 1872 the village was replatted with the railroad running where the main road had been.</p><br>
<p>It is unknown whether steamboats or the railroad used the Jefferson Warehouse after 1872. In 1876 the building was abandoned, and in 1881 it was sold, along with all the lots east of the railroad. Afterward, Jefferson, like many other "paper towns," ceased to exist. The buildings that remained were demolished in 1940 to make way for Minnesota State Highway 26. The Jefferson Warehouse was the only structure to endure. In the 21st century it is the only remaining riverside grain warehouse in Minnesota. For that reason, and because of its unique moment in history, it was placed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Ellettsville Downtown Historic District is a national historic district located at Ellettsville, Monroe County, Indiana. The district encompasses 50 contributing buildings in the central business district and surrounding residential sections of Ellettsville. It developed between about 1840 and 1953, and includes notable examples of Queen Anne, Early Commercial, Gothic Revival, and Bungalow/American Craftsman style architecture. Notable buildings include the Robert Stimson House , May Presley House , Bradford House , George W. Fletcher House , Wickens House , Capt. Gilbert Perry House , I.O.O.F. Building , Town Hall , Masonic Building , Knights of Pythias Building , First United Methodist Church , and First Baptist Church .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<p>Lodge Boleslav Jablonsky No. 219 is the meeting hall of a Czech American fraternal society in Poplar Grove Township, Minnesota, United States. The hall was built in 1916 and remains in use as of 2016. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002 for having local significance in the themes of European ethnic heritage and social history. It was nominated for being a representative of ethnic history in the last part of Minnesota to be settled by Euro-Americans.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Czechs who came to Roseau County, Minnesota, beginning in the 1890s were some of the first European Americans to homestead on land in northwest Minnesota. Czech fraternal lodges were created in America by immigrants to promote their welfare, maintain cultural traditions, and satisfy social needs. Lodge Boleslav Jablonsky was one such lodge.</p><br>
<p>Although Czechs are not one of Minnesota&#39;s larger ethnic groups, they were ranked seventh in 1910 with a population of 33,247. Nationwide and also in Minnesota, first- and second-generation Czechs pursued agricultural trades more than any other occupation in 1900. Czechs mainly lived in Le Sueur, Scott, and Rice counties. There were smaller pockets of Czechs elsewhere in the state, however, including Poplar Township of Roseau County.</p><br>
<p>In contrast to the United States as a whole, in Minnesota most Czechs in rural areas were Catholic. However a large number of institutions were created by freethinking Czech Americans. The free-thought movement had its origins in Protestantism but could be best described as agnostic. These institutions promoted free-thought philosophy and maintained Czech language and culture. They also created social venues, benevolent societies, and cemeteries. Politically they supported the cause of Czech independence. The fraternal societies of which the Jablonsky lodge is an example were created to serve the needs of Czech immigrants that were normally met by churches.</p><br>
<p>The Jablonsky lodge was organized in 1914 to obtain life insurance at a reasonable cost and provide a gathering place where Czechs could speak their own language. The lodge was named for Boleslav Jablonský, a priest, poet, and Czech nationalist. Until the lodge hall was built in 1916, meetings were held in members&#39; homes. The hall is a wood-frame structure on a poured concrete foundation with no basement. It is composed of three segments: an 8 ft&sup2; enclosed entrance porch on the south end, a three-bay hall, and a kitchen and stage at the north end.</p><br>
<p>The lodge was not militantly anti-clerical. A number of lodge members belonged to local churches, including St. Joseph&#39;s Catholic church, but that never caused a problem within the membership. The Czech fraternal societies provided benefits to Czechs on a local, national, and international scale. Aid was distributed to institutions in Chicago as well as Oklahoma, Kansas, and California. The lodge also provided support for Czechs in Europe during World War I and the crises of 1938–1939.</p><br>
<p>Lodge members sustained Czech language and culture by subscribing to a number of Czech-American publications. Plays in the Czech language were hosted at the lodge hall. Lodge meetings were conducted and recorded in Czech until 1960. Czech weddings and dances were also hosted by the lodge. Money for the lodge was earned through dues, concession sales, and facility rentals. The 1940s were the most prosperous decade for the lodge. Several improvements were made to the hall during that time.</p><br>
<p>The Czechs of Poplar Grove Township and their members elsewhere in Roseau County were never a large group of people. They did, however, show remarkable persistence. The lodge had thirty members in 1915 and about the same number in 1938. There were approximately ninety members between 1978 and 1995. The Badger lodge merged with Boleslav Jablonsky in 1996, bringing the total to 155 members.</p><br>
<p>Jablonsky Lodge hall has been in continuous use since 1916. Its main but not exclusive function in the 21st century has been to provide life insurance and related services. While there are about twenty Czech lodges in Minnesota, as of 2016 only two halls survive. The history of Jablonsky lodge provides insight into how one group sustained its identity and met its social, cultural, and recreational needs when no other suitable facilities were available in a remote area.</p><br>
<p>Matthews Stone Company Historic District is a national historic district located in Richland Township, Monroe County, Indiana. The district encompasses five contributing buildings, one contributing site, six contributing structures, and two contributing objects associated with the Matthews Brothers Stone Company limestone business, now operated as Bybee Stone Company, Inc. The district developed between about 1862 and 1962, and include notable examples of Second Empire and Tudor Revival style architecture. The contributing resources include the Matthews Mansion , Company Store Building , Primary Mill Building , Drafting Building , Administration Building , and two pump houses .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013.</p><br>
<p>The Robert Reed House, also known as the Robert P. Tristram Coffin House, is a historic house at Chop Point Road and Maine State Route 128 in Woolwich, Maine. Built in 1765, it is one of the area&#39;s oldest houses, and a distinct example of two period houses that have been joined together. The house is also notable as the home of the Pulitzer Prize-winning poet Robert P. Tristram Coffin. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Robert Reed House is set on the west side of Chop Point Road, just south of its junction with SR 128. It consists of three sections: an east-facing 1-1/2 story wood frame structure, joined at the southwest corner to a south-facing 2-1/2 story structure, with a single-story ell extending further to the west. The taller main block has a gabled roof, central chimney, clapboard siding, and fieldstone foundation. The secondary structure is similarly finished. Both have five-bay facades and central entrances.</p><br>
<p>The main block was built about 1765 by Robert Reed, who proceeded to raise a family of twelve children. The 1-1/2 story Cape has an unknown construction date, but architectural evidence suggests it was built about the same time, and the two structures have been joined since the 18th century. In the 1930s it was acquired by Bowdoin College professor and poet Robert P. Tristram Coffin, who made reference to it in some of his writings.</p><br>
<p>The Ella R. Hodgkins Intermediate School, also known as the Hodgkins Middle School, is a historic school building at 17 Malta Street in Augusta, Maine. Built in 1958, it is a well-preserved example of a mid-20th century Modern Movement school building. Its construction marked the end of a major push by the city to modernize its facilities. It was used as a school until 2009. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Hodgkins school stands on Augustas predominantly residential east side, occupying a large parcel on the east side of Malta Street. The building is a sprawling U-shaped single-story structure, with a flat roof, brick exterior, and concrete block foundation. It is accessed via a semicircular drive that runs through the interior of the U, with the main entrance at the center of the Us base. Windows are modern aluminum ribbon sash.</p><br>
<p>The school was built in 1958 to a design by the local architectural firm of Bunker & Savage. It was the last of three primary schools built by the city as part of a program by the city to modernize its schools, made in response to a post-World War II population boom. The other two, the Hussey and Buker Schools, have both been substantially altered, and the program&#39;s final element, an annex to the Old Cony High School, has been demolished. This school was used until 2009, when its students were reassigned to the new high school. It is presently vacant.</p><br>
<p>The Marcell Ranger Station is a historic United States Forest Service ranger station in Marcell Township, Minnesota. It was built from 1934 to 1935 to serve as the headquarters for the Marcell District of Chippewa National Forest. It was listed as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994 for having state-level significance in the themes of architecture, conservation, and politics/government. It was nominated for its associations with the expansion and development of Chippewa National Forest during the New Deal, for being a well-preserved example of that era&#39;s Forest Service administrative facilities, and for its fine National Park Service rustic architecture. Marcell Ranger Station was closed in 2001 and the property was converted into a vacation rental known as Marcell Lodge. A 1963 office adjacent to Minnesota State Highway 38 was turned into the Edge of the Wilderness Discovery Center, a visitor center for the Edge of the Wilderness Scenic Byway.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1902 the Morris Act created the Minnesota Forest Reserve from Ojibwe lands. The timber was to be cut and sold for the benefit of the Ojibwe. A percentage was kept standing and parts of the reserve were protected. Six years later president Theodore Roosevelt made the forest a national reserve. It was later renamed the Chippewa National Forest Reserve. The reserve was meant to protect, conserve, and use the natural resources of the forest. In 1933 it was expanded northward. This created a need for ranger districts. One of them was named the Marcell District.</p><br>
<p>In 1934 the construction of a ranger station to administer the Marcell District began. The station was constructed by the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC). The station encompassed 13 acre on the northern shore of Lake Rainier and included several buildings. By the spring of 1935 there were three CCC camps operating in the Marcell District. At times the camps were at full capacity, with a total of 200 men per camp. Many projects were completed at the camps. They included land and timber surveys, stand and roadside improvements, and land acquisitions. Workers also planted trees annually and restocked fish populations. Erosion and fire hazards were monitored as well.</p><br>
<p>The rustic architecture of the Marcell Ranger Station is representative of the design practiced by the National Park Service and the USA Forest Service during the Great Depression era. It sought to achieve harmony with nature, to use materials native to the landscape, and to build the minimal number of structures needed. It was a little-noticed movement in American architecture and unique for government buildings. In 1935 the Park Service published a textbook to train new architects in its building practices.</p><br>
<p>Most of the major buildings that comprise the Marcell Ranger Station were based on a standard plan. Each of them features finely crafted, rustic-style elements. These elements include split stone fireplaces, interior log partition walls, and hand-wrought hardware. Together, the buildings at the Marcell Ranger Station remain fine examples of the high-quality log construction for which northern Minnesota was recognized.</p><br>
<p>For the second half of the 20th century the Marcell Ranger Station served its original purpose. In 2001 it was closed as part of the merging of the National Forest&#39;s administrative offices. In 2006 and 2007 the Chippewa National Forest was granted $20,000 to convert the station into an interpretive center. The station became a rest stop for travelers and a center for educating the public about the environment. It was renamed the Edge of the Wilderness Discovery Center.</p><br>
<p>The Lewiston Mills and Water Power System Historic District encompasses the major 19th-century mill complexes and associated water power systems in Lewiston, Maine. Developed beginning in 1850, Lewiston&#39;s canals and mills were the largest textile mill complex in the state, and one of the best-preserved mature large-scale expressions of the Lowell system of cotton textile manufacturing, perfected at Waltham and Lowell, Massachusetts earlier in the 19th century. The district includes a series power canals and mill complexes developed over a 100-year period, along with mill worker housing and transportation infrastructure. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Lewiston Water Power Company was founded about 1850 by a group of investors from Boston, Massachusetts, seeking to capitalize on the water power of the falls on the Androscoggin River between Lewiston and Auburn. The company built a series of power canals, and built cotton spinning and weaving mills along their banks. To facilitate the work of multiple mill complexes, they also constructed one of the world&#39;s largest bleacheries, and an industrial machine shop for producing parts and service for the mill equipment. The mills were successful and grew despite the start of the American Civil War in 1861, which greatly reduced cotton supplies, by stockpiling large amounts of raw cotton. The mills were able to bring supplies in and ship products out by rail, which had been brought to Lewiston in 1849. The Grand Trunk Station, located on the island formed by the canals, also brought in many French Canadian workers, who were employed by the mills, and came to be known as a local Ellis Island. The mill owners also built worker housing and community halls in proximity to the mills.</p><br>
<p>The historic district is organized with the main, or upper, power canal as its spine. It extends from above the great falls on the river, south to Gully Brook, where it empties back into the river. Parallel and west of this canal lies the lower canal, with three cross canals joining them. At the northern end of the upper canal is one large complex of buildings, where the bleachery and machine shop were located. Mill complexes flanking these canals include the Bates Mill, the Lewiston Mill, the Continental Mill, and the Androscoggin Mill. The district also includes the dam spanning the river at great falls, and the bridge of the Maine Central Railroad.</p><br>
<p>Sjælsø is a lake straddling the borders between the municipalities of Rudersdal, Allerød and Hørsholm in North Zealand to the north of Copenhagen, Denmark. Situated immediately to the north of the suburban town of Birkerød, it is surrounded by a mixture of farmland, pastures and small woodlands.</p><br>
<p>The lake has an area of 293 hectares and is relatively shallow. It is fed by five minor streams and drains into the Øresund though Usserød Å. It is owned by Nordvand A/S.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The name Sjælsø means "skelsø" and refers to its position on the border between several parishes and hundreds.</p><br>
<p>Sjælsø was owned by the crown from 1391 until 1898. It was then sold in public auction to three fishermen whose families owned it until 1932 when it was sold to "Fællesudvalget for vandindvinding ved Sjælsø", a partnershop between the municipalities of Søllerød, Lyngby-Taarbæk and Gentofte. The first water works opened at the lake in 1936 and a second one opened in 1062. The latter remained in use until 1998.</p><br>
<h2>Settlements</h2><br>
<p>Birkerød&#39;s Kajerød neighbourhood is located just south of the lake. The small town of Ravnsnæs is situated on a small peninsula in the southeastern corner of the lake. The old village of Sjælsmark is located on the north side of the lake. It consists of a few farmhouses located on both sides of the street Landsbyen which extends south from Sjælsmarksvej. One of the farmhouses, Tingstedgård, is a listed building. A 200 metres long footpath leads down to the lake from the southern end of the dead end street. The village of Isterød and Næbbegård, a former folk high school, are located to the northeast of the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Surroundings</h2><br>
<p>Sjælsø is located in an undulating maraine landscape. Most of the shoreline is open countryside and much of it is protected.</p><br>
<p>The vast Høvelte-Sandholm military training grounds are located to the west of the lake and were protected in 2000 to preserve one of the largest open landscapes in North Zealand. It has an area of 503 hectares and adjoins the Tokkekøb Hegn woodlands in the north and another protected area in the southwest. The area comprises the two small woods Høvelte Fredskov and Ellebæklund. It also contains the Drabæk Mose bogland and the small lake Carinasøen as well as the streams Ellebæk, Drabæk, Degnebæk and Kajerød ^which all drain into Sjælsø.</p><br>
<p>A 500 hectares area to the east of the lake was protected in 2006. The small woodland Nærrebrød Plantage, with 200-year old beech and oak trees, is located directly on the southeastern shores of the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Recreational use</h2><br>
<p>The restaurant Jægershytten, located at the end Bakkevej on the western shores of the lake, is open in the summer months (1 May &ndash; 1 October). Swimming in the lake is possible from Sjælsø Strand, a small sandy beach located approximately 200 metres to the southeast of Jægerhytten. Fishing is permitted. Birkerød Sport Fishers&#39; Association owns three boats. Sailing is not permitted without permission from Nordvand A/S.</p><br>
<p>The Aiken Stand Complex is a historic pair of buildings at the junction of Royalton Turnpike and Sayer Road in rural Barnard, Vermont. Built c. 1805 and 1835, they were the centerpiece of a small village that flourished in the first half of the 19th century, when the Turnpike was the principal north-south route through the region. The buildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Aiken Stand Complex stands in what is now a comparatively remote and rural area of eastern Barnard. At the southeast corner of Royalton Turnpike and Sayer Road stands the main building, a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a side gable roof, large central chimney, clapboarded exterior, five-bay front facade, and rubblestone foundation. Its interior and exterior are predominantly Federal in their style. Across the turnpike to the west stands a 1-1/2 story Cape style structure, with a similar exterior, but with Greek Revival features, including sidelight windows flanking the entrance.</p><br>
<p>The location was the site of a tavern from at least 1781, when Solomon Aiken was documented to be operating one. His business benefited from the establishment of the Woodstock and Royalton Turnpike, a toll road, in 1800, and he built the main tavern building about 1805 to handle increased business. The Cape was added in 1835 to handle overflow traffic and provide more space for the Aiken family. Notable visitors to the tavern included President James Madison in 1817, and the Marquis de Lafayette in 1824. At its height, the tavern was the center of a small village, with a blacksmith&#39;s shop and school. The turnpike declined in importance after the construction of railroads in the state, and the tavern ended as a business in the 1870s. The buildings were used as private residences until the mid-20th century, and were then abandoned. They underwent restoration in the early 1980s.</p><br>
<p>T.C. Steele Boyhood Home, also known as the T.C. Steele House, is a historic home located at Waveland, Montgomery County, Indiana. It was built about 1852, and is a 1 1/2-story, three bay, Greek Revival style frame dwelling with a front-gable roof. The house was renovated and enlarged between 1895 and 1902. It was partially restored in 2002. Restoration was completed in 2014 and the home now operates as a privately owned, no cost retreat for artists and historic preservationists. It was the boyhood home of noted Indiana impressionist artist T.C. Steele .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003. Current programming for the location includes plein air paint outs, annual family reunions, artist mentoring weekends, school field trips, and public tours by appointment.</p><br>
<p>Kiltiernan Tomb, also called Kiltiernan Portal Tomb or Kiltiernan Dolmen, is a dolmen located in County Dublin, Ireland. It is a National Monument.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Kiltiernan Tomb is located about 1.6 km (1 mile) south-southeast of Stepaside.</p><br>
<h2>The dolmen</h2><br>
<p>The dolmen is sited on a small ledge, close to one of the head waters of the</p><br>
<p>Loughlinstown River on a gentle west-facing slope. The capstone measures 6.5 m in length, 5.3 m in width</p><br>
<p>and 1.55 m in depth, weighing about 40 tonnes. The two portal stones at the entrance measure 1.4 m and 1.25 m and the tomb is oriented in a westerly direction. Between the portal stones is a small door stone, blocking entrance to the chamber.</p><br>
<p>Coffins Grove Stagecoach House, also known as the Henry Baker House, is a historic building located west of Manchester, Iowa, United States. Coffins Grove was named for Clement Coffin who settled in the area in 1840. His son-in-law Henry Baker joined him the following year. The house was built in 1855 to accommodate the increase in travelers passing through the area. It served as a hotel, post office and the second floor was used for community functions like dances. The two-story Colonial style is unusual for a structure this far west. It is typically found in Ohio. The house features a foundation of limestone quarried on the property and brick that was kilned here. Across the road from the houses are the remnants of barns built in 1849. They were the first frame barns in the Delaware County. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<p>In 2017 the Stagecoach House was in the process of dismantling. It was said that neither the Delaware Co Historical Society, nor the Iowa Historical Society were interested in saving the landmark.</p><br>
<p>One more part of history gone.</p><br>
<p>St Marys by the Sea is a heritage-listed non-denominational church  at Wharf Street, Port Douglas, Shire of Douglas, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1913 to 1914. It is also known as the former St Marys Roman Catholic Church. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>St Mary&#39;s by the Sea was constructed in 1914 replacing an earlier Roman Catholic church at Port Douglas, which had been destroyed by the cyclone of March 1911.</p><br>
<p>Port Douglas was established in 1877 as a port to service the newly opened Hodgkinson goldfield, west of the Great Dividing Range. In the period 1877 to 1893 Port Douglas functioned primarily as a port for the mining hinterland and secondarily as an administrative and service centre for the surrounding developing agricultural districts.</p><br>
<p>The Roman Catholic Vicariate Apostolic of North Queensland (renamed the Vicariate Apostolic of Cooktown in 1887) was established in 1877 and first staffed largely by Italians. The intention was to send missionaries among the Aborigines, however, when the first priests arrived they were required to serve the needs of new towns, the mining boom having brought into the area many Europeans, including large numbers of Irish Catholics. In 1884 the Irish Province of the Order of Saint Augustine agreed to take on the work of the Vicariate which was struggling to serve a scattered population of Catholics in a vast area with very few priests. The first chapel in Port Douglas was established in 1878 and by November 1881 a church had been erected under the direction of Father Peter Bucas, a Breton, on land on Port Hill. When Bishop Hutchinson arrived in 1884, an Italian priest, Father Guerrini, had been in Port Douglas for eight months and stayed on until an Augustinian arrived to replace him in May 1885.</p><br>
<p>The development of Port Douglas initially outpaced that of its nearby rival, Cairns, established in 1876. However, following the 1885 political decision to site the terminus for the Atherton Tableland railway at Cairns, it advanced rapidly at the expense of Port Douglas. After the opening of the Cairns-to-Mareeba railway in 1893, trade between Port Douglas and the mining hinterland declined markedly, and virtually ceased after the extension of the railway to Mount Molloy in 1908. Much of what remained of the town was destroyed when a severe cyclone levelled it on 16 March 1911. According to the local newspaper, itself put temporarily out of action, the church and presbytery were "blown to bits". The presbytery was rebuilt first and Mass was celebrated there until the church was complete in 1914.</p><br>
<p>Port Douglas recovered from the cyclone and although it had lost the mining trade, it operated principally as a sugar port from the 1890s until 1958. The town was also the administrative centre of the Douglas Shire until the 1920s when its headquarters were shifted to Mossman in the heart of the expanding sugar lands. In 1917 the Parish Priest of Mareeba was also appointed as the Administrator of Port Douglas. The priest appointed next (in 1932) became the first to reside in Mossman. Two years later the name of the parish was changed to Mossman and Port Douglas.</p><br>
<p>During the 1960s and 1970s Port Douglas functioned mainly as a fishing and holiday town, retaining much of its historic character, but in the 1980s it emerged as a booming tourist resort, creating strong development pressures. St Marys Church was by then in poor condition and could no longer meet the needs of the parish. In 1987 the Catholic Church gave the church building to the local community with the stipulation that it continue to be used for Christian purposes. As a Bicentennial Project, the church was relocated to parkland on the foreshore in November 1988. The Port Hill site was sold by the Church to finance construction of a new church on land elsewhere. Once relocated, the former St Marys Church was restored and renamed St Mary&#39;s by the Sea. It is used as a non-denominational community church for religious and civil weddings, carol services and other special services and events.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>St Mary&#39;s by the Sea is a small, Gothic-style timber church situated on the foreshore at Wharf Street near the road leading to Pier 319.</p><br>
<p>The church is a timber-framed structure with exposed exterior studwork set on low timber stumps. It has a steeply pitched gabled roof clad in corrugated iron. The building is rectangular in plan with a vestry off the rear corner and a small central porch at the front flanked by lancet windows. The porch has a gabled roof clad in corrugated iron and a side entrance and is lit by triple lancet windows. The side walls are braced by simple timber buttresses. The bearers and joists are of hickory ash and penda timbers and the framing is hickory ash. The wall cladding was of northern silky oak although much of this and the flooring has had to be replaced.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the ceiling is unlined and three lancet-shaped timber archways separate the sanctuary from the nave.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>St Mary&#39;s by the Sea was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The church of St Mary&#39;s by the Sea was built in 1914 and is associated with the early development of the Port Douglas district and the growth of the Catholic Church in North Queensland. It is one of the oldest buildings in Port Douglas and illustrates the built character of the town before modern redevelopment as a tourist resort.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>St Mary&#39;s is a good example of a modest church built to meet the needs of a small community in a remote area. Its simplicity, small scale and probable recycling of materials from its predecessor also illustrate the way in which many small communities of its era coped with the after effects of cyclones on towns with timber buildings.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>St Mary&#39;s has strong associations with the Catholic community of the area and has served Port Douglas for several generations. Community regard for the church was emphasised in 1988 when local people banded together to save and relocate the church as a community building.</p><br>
<p>Port Douglas Wharf is a heritage-listed wharf at 6 Dixie Street, Port Douglas, Shire of Douglas, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1904. It was also known as Shipwreck Museum. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Port Douglas Wharf and Storage Shed were erected in 1904 for the Douglas Shire Council, with extensions to the storage shed made in the 1920s.</p><br>
<p>Port Douglas was established in 1877 as a port to service the newly opened Hodgkinson Goldfield, west of the Great Dividing Range. In the period 1877 to 1893, Port Douglas functioned primarily as a port for the mining hinterland and secondarily as an administrative and service centre for the surrounding developing agricultural districts. The development of Port Douglas initially outpaced that of its nearby rival, Cairns, established in 1876. However, following the 1885 political decision to site the terminus for the Atherton Tableland Railway at Cairns, this town advanced rapidly at the expense of Port Douglas. After the opening of the Cairns to Mareeba railway in 1893, trade between Port Douglas and the mining hinterland declined markedly, and virtually ceased after the extension of the railway to Mount Molloy in 1908. Much of what remained of the township was further decimated in a severe cyclone on 16 March 1911.</p><br>
<p>However, from the 1890s until 1958, Port Douglas survived principally as a sugar port. The town was also the administrative centre of Douglas Shire until the 1920s, when headquarters were shifted to Mossman in the heart of the expanding sugar lands. During the 1960s and 1970s, Port Douglas functioned mainly as a fishing and holiday town, retaining much of its historic character, but in the 1980s the town emerged as a booming tourist resort, with strong pressures for development.</p><br>
<p>It appears that the wharf was built to serve the handling of general cargo (as opposed to sugar) in preference to at least one other previous proposal for a jetty at Macrossan Street. Prior to this, it seems that all general cargo handling was carried out at the private wharfing facilities (variously Walsh & Co., Davidson&#39;s, Jack & Newell and possibly others), either by direct berthing for smaller vessels or for larger vessels by lightering from the general anchorage some 600 metres off the western end of Island Point. A stone-pitched jetty adjacent to the quarry site on the north-east corner of Island Point had been constructed earlier for passenger traffic, and was extended during 1888-1889 to a total length of 60 metres.</p><br>
<p>In 1904, Douglas Shire Council obtained a loan from the Queensland Government to build a new wharf for the berthing of ships at a more convenient site in the harbour. This wharf was built with a decline from wharf to shore to ease the transfer of loaded rail trucks. A stone pitched ramp was built as part of the wharf construction. The 1904 wharf structure was about 15 metres wide, with a storage shed 30 metres long by 8 metres wide on the north-east corner of the decking. A jib crane was located on the northern end of the wharf and walkways were constructed alongside the storage shed.</p><br>
<p>During the early 1920s an additional row of piles was driven about 3 metres to the east along the length of the wharf. The 1904 storage shed was relocated over these by sliding the structure back from the wharf outer face. It appears that at this period the shed was extended on the southern end by about 12 metres. A lunch room building, also holding a fresh water tank, on the southern end of the storage shed was relocated to the same respective position when the shed was extended.</p><br>
<p>The wharf was last used for sugar shipment on 1 April 1958. Subsequently the wharf was leased for private enterprise from 1963 until January 1975. Well known Queensland diver Ben Cropp held a twenty year lease over the storage shed from October 1979. He operated a shipwreck museum in the shed which also included his living quarters. The lease was briefly extended into mid-2000. Cropp relocated the museum to Cairns later that year.</p><br>
<p>The foreshore near the Port Douglas Wharf was reclaimed in the late twentieth century, and the 1904 timber-piled and timber-framed jetty between the stone-pitched ramp and the storage shed was removed.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>This wharf is at the entrance to Dickson&#39;s Inlet approximately opposite the western end of Warner Street.</p><br>
<p>The wharf, which is constructed parallel to the channel, is of timber construction about 70m long (including the decked approach ramp) by 18m wide and supporting a wooden storage shed on the eastern side.</p><br>
<p>The storage shed roof trusses are constructed from 300x 150 mm (12" x 6") and 200 x 150 mm (8" x 6") sections, mainly Oregon, and the storage shed was planked internally to facilitate the stacking of bagged sugar.</p><br>
<p>A simple gable roofed form building, the former wharf storage building is built out over the water on timber piles braced by diagonal timbers.</p><br>
<p>The new corrugated steel roof is exposed internally and supported on burlings spanning between major trusses of mainly Oregon members. Timber planes fixed with dogspikes form the floor.</p><br>
<p>The building is an important element in the townscape of Port Douglas, being most visible from the sea and surrounding hills.</p><br>
<p>An earlier stone pitched ramp remains in evidence at the side of the later earth-filled access to the former storage shed and wharf.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Port Douglas Wharf and Storage Shed was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The building is significant for its historical association with the development of Port Douglas as a shipping terminal.</p><br>
<p>Port Douglas Court House Museum is a heritage-listed former courthouse and now museum at 25 Wharf Street, Port Douglas, Shire of Douglas, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by the Queensland Colonial Architect&#39;s Office and built from 1879 by Thomas Watson. It was formerly known as Port Douglas Court House. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Port Douglas Court House was constructed in 1879 as the first court house in the town. It is a simple timber structure with verandahs to all four elevations.</p><br>
<p>The Port Douglas Court House is one of the earliest surviving timber constructed court houses in Queensland. When Queensland separated from New South Wales in 1859, there were only six court houses in the new colony. During the next forty years, over 145 court houses were erected in Queensland, ranging from slab structures to the substantial Supreme Court building in Brisbane (destroyed by arson in 1968).</p><br>
<p>Port Douglas was established shortly after the discovery of gold on the Hodgkinson River in 1876. At this time the nearest port was Cairns, which was only accessible over difficult and mountainous terrain. In 1877, well-known bushman Christy Palmerston discovered a new route which gave easier access from the goldfields to the coast. By the end of the year, the site had been surveyed, declared a port of entry and clearance and officially named Port Douglas.</p><br>
<p>Trade from the goldfields quickly transferred from Cairns to the new township, followed by businesses. The government expressed confidence in Port Douglas by allocating £2000 for a road to the Hodgkinson River and also by constructing many public buildings in the town in the early stages of its development.</p><br>
<p>The Court House was constructed in 1879. The first Police Magistrate arrived in 1878, and the only place to conduct court sessions was in one of the newly constructed police cells. This was considered unsuitable, and the new Police Magistrate requested that a tent be sent. Court sessions were conducted in the tent for most of 1878, until the court moved into the newly completed Customs House. As the population increased, it became obvious that a purpose built court house was necessary.</p><br>
<p>When Port Douglas was surveyed, land on the southern side of Wharf Street was reserved for Court House and Post Office purposes. However, by the time the plan was released, a building was already constructed on this site. The owner of the building was offered the land and the Court House was subsequently constructed on the opposite side of Wharf Street.</p><br>
<p>The building was designed by the Colonial Architect&#39;s office to suit the climate and the functions of a court house. It comprised a rectangular core with the court room at the front and two offices at the rear with verandahs to all four elevations. Access to the verandah was via a centrally located stair at the front. Additional sets of stairs were located at the eastern end of each side elevation.</p><br>
<p>Tenders were called in May 1879 and although local builders were among the tenderers, the contract was won by Brisbane builder Thomas Watson, probably as he was experienced in building court houses, primarily that at St Lawrence the previous year, which was similar in design.</p><br>
<p>Watson began construction in September and the building was completed in November at a cost of £475. The completed building differed slightly from the original plan in that it did not have a dividing partition between the rear offices, resulting in one large office rather than two smaller ones.</p><br>
<p>In 1880, the rear corner of the verandah was enclosed to provide a jury room. Complaints had been made by Judge Hely in 1879 regarding the lack of a jury room and approval to incorporate one at a cost of £20 was given in September 1879. Thomas Watson, who had stayed in Port Douglas to construct a number of other government buildings, completed the addition in May 1880. Thomas was again employed when the new jury room was found to be too small and the central section of the verandah at the rear of the office was extended and enclosed to create a more suitable space.</p><br>
<p>In the following years, much of the verandah flooring and almost all of the stumps were replaced due to deterioration inflicted by the weather and white ants. No major alterations were made until a cyclone in 1911 almost destroyed the building.</p><br>
<p>The cyclone occurred in March 1911 and left the building partially unroofed and blown off its stumps, some of which pierced the floor. An Inspector of Works was sent to assess the building and recommended realigning the building to face Wharf Street to avoid the soft ground at the rear of the building. The opportunity was also taken to construct a detached room at the rear of the building for police purposes. In fact, the alterations were so substantial that when tenders were called, they were titled New Court House, Port Douglas. The tender for the additions and alterations was won by local builder H A Nielson, at a cost of £334.</p><br>
<p>After these major alterations were completed, no further work apart from general maintenance was undertaken until 1958 when an inspection identified that the weatherboards had shrunk to such an extent that light shone through the gaps in the unlined walls. This resulted in the court and judge&#39;s rooms being fully lined with hardboard.</p><br>
<p>The continued use of this building is indicative of the success of its simple design, which was used for many Queensland court houses up until the 1930s.</p><br>
<p>Although the Port Douglas Court House was primarily used as a place to conduct court sessions, it was also used for other purposes including police offices and briefly, as a residence for the town&#39;s only police officer. It was also considered as a site for the local school. Most of the cases heard were of a modest nature, the exception being one of the most notable court cases in Queensland history when in 1886 Ellen Thompson was found guilty of murder and sentenced to death. In June 1887 she became the only woman to be hanged in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The building was vacated in 1961 and after strong lobbying from the National Trust of Queensland and local groups to retain the building on its original site, was sold to B Whiting in 1968. The Court house and adjacent police cells were subsequently removed to the grounds of the Court House Hotel.</p><br>
<p>The cells were destroyed when a tree fell on them and a fire partially destroyed the detached former police offices. In 1993, the Court House was moved back to its original site, in the same position as when it was first constructed.</p><br>
<p>Since April 1997, the building has been used as a museum which was established by the Douglas Shire Historical Society. It incorporates displays pertaining to the history of the court house and also to local history.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Port Douglas Court House is a simple timber clad structure, rectangular in plan and surrounded by verandahs on all four sides. It is elevated on low timber stumps with a gabled corrugated iron roof.</p><br>
<p>It is now relocated in its original position fronting Wharf Street and sits in a park-like tropical setting adjacent to the water.</p><br>
<p>The verandah roof is separate from the main roof and is supported by regularly spaced posts with simple diagonal braces in place of brackets at the top. The entrance is via a centrally located set of stairs at the front of the building, leading to a pair of timber doors featuring panels of diagonally laid boards. These are flanked by double hung four paned windows on either side.</p><br>
<p>Two pairs of French doors with glass panels to the top sections are located in the rear elevation and two similarly detailed single doors are located at the rear of the southern elevation. Evenly spaced double hung windows are located along the remainder of this side and along the opposite side. Gable end vents are centrally located in each gable end, the front one comprising three louvred arched forms.</p><br>
<p>Internally the building is divided into three rooms; the court room at the front and a smaller room at the rear. The front room is further divided to form a small room in the corner, which is only accessible externally.</p><br>
<p>Much of the original fabric survives in the main core of the building, however, some sections of the building have been reconstructed.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Port Douglas Court House Museum was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Port Douglas Court House was constructed in 1879. It was the first court house to be constructed in Port Douglas and demonstrates the rapid development of the town after the discovery of gold in 1876 at the nearby Hodgkinson River. As an early government building in far northern Queensland, it is demonstrative of the development of Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>It is rare as one the few surviving pre 1880s timber buildings in North Queensland, as the oldest building in Port Douglas and the second oldest timber court house in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Port Douglas Court House demonstrates the principal characteristics of court houses constructed in regional towns during the early development of the state.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The place has considerable aesthetic significance due to its setting in a park setting near the ocean and the simple symmetricality of the building.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The place has strong associations with the local community who lobbied to retain the building on its original site and who were instrumental in having the building re-located back to its original position. The building is now presented as a museum which is maintained by a local community group.</p><br>
<p>Mossman District Hospital is a heritage-listed public hospital at Johnston Road, Mossman, Shire of Douglas, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Hill & Taylor and built by J J Riley. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 12 June 2009.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Mossman District Hospital was built by contractor JJ Riley for the Port Douglas Hospitals Board, and was opened on 23 August 1930 by James Kenny, the Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly for Cook. It was constructed to plans prepared by the Department of Public Works for a standard pavilion-type timber and galvanised iron hospital, and amended by Cairns architects Hill and Taylor to incorporate evocative Spanish Mission style concrete facades.</p><br>
<p>Mossman lies inland from Port Douglas, on the flood-plain of the Mossman River between the Great Dividing Range and the coast, about 70 km north of Cairns. Port Douglas was established in 1877 as an alternative to Cairns as a service port to the Hodgkinson goldfield that had been proclaimed on 15 June 1876, but with the construction of the Cairns-Kuranda railway line 1882-1891, Port Douglas gradually declined as a town and port. The Mossman district, although initially taken up as homestead selections supplying fodder, maize and tropical fruits to the goldfields, converted to sugar-growing in the 1890s and prospered in the early twentieth century.</p><br>
<p>The township of Mossman was created from a private subdivision made following the establishment of the Mossman Central Mill on the Mossman River in 1894-1895. By 1910 the township comprised little more than the Exchange Hotel, a store, butchers shop, hall and timber church, clustered around the sugar mill. These buildings and most of nearby Port Douglas were severely damaged by a cyclone on 16 March 1911. In the aftermath, businesses at Port Douglas gradually gravitated to Mossman and by 1920 the districts major services - including the Douglas Shire Council offices - were located in Mossman. In the 1920s the Court House and banking facilities moved from Port Douglas to Mossman, which by the end of the decade was the administrative centre of the shire. The town was given an additional boost with the completion of the Captain Cook Highway between Cairns and Mossman in 1933.</p><br>
<p>Prior to 1930 the district hospital was located at Port Douglas. Constructed, it was administered by a volunteer Hospital Committee and funded through local subscriptions, fund-raising and donations. Public hospitals were not yet a responsibility of the Queensland Government, and although government assistance was given with the design of hospitals and payment of a resident medical officer&#39;s salary, funds to construct and conduct the hospital were raised locally. Public hospitals at this period were regarded as charitable institutions, and patients were means-tested.</p><br>
<p>The Hospitals Act 1923 gave the Queensland Government greater administrative responsibility for health care and the ability to fund the construction of hospitals. Funds from the Golden Casket lottery scheme established in 1920 were available, but used predominantly for the construction of maternity wards and baby clinics.</p><br>
<p>The Hospitals Act also introduced the concept of district hospitals. Existing local hospital committees could particulate in the new system, evolving into local hospital boards that included local and Queensland government representatives.</p><br>
<p>From 1913 the Douglas Hospital Committee held meetings month about at Port Douglas and Mossman, reflecting the expansion of the hinterland community. From January 1923 the community was advocating construction of a hospital in Mossman, especially a maternity hospital.</p><br>
<p>In late 1924 the Douglas Hospital Committee made the decision that they would maintain the hospital at Port Douglas, but not extend or develop it any further, in anticipation of a new hospital being constructed at Mossman. By late January 1925 the Department of Public Works had prepared plans for a proposed Mossman hospital, to comprise a main block, maternity ward and nurses&#39; quarters. These were single-storeyed timber buildings, high-set on timber stumps, with wide surrounding verandahs, and connected via covered ways. The plan was of the pavilion-ward type, reflecting contemporary thinking on hospital design. From the 1860s to the 1930s almost all hospitals erected in Queensland were pavilion plan - developed in Europe and England in the 1850s - based on the principles of providing good ventilation, light and sanitation, and on selecting a generous area of land, preferably elevated and on the outskirts of a town, to achieve this.</p><br>
<p>In the early twentieth century Queensland developed a variant of the pavilion plan hospital, the principal characteristics being: high-set timber construction; medium-to high-pitched roofs clad in corrugated iron, wide surrounding timber verandahs; ceiling vents and roof ventilators to assist air flow; the combination of male and female wards within a single pavilion, separated by smaller rooms such as matrons room, doctors room, nurses&#39; room and single bed private wards; and bathrooms, toilets and kitchens contained in semi-detached blocks off the main pavilions. In hospitals constructed after 1925, the provision of an operating theatre and an x-ray room became standard. Between 1901 and 1938, 78 pavilion plan hospitals/wards were erected in Queensland; by 1996 only 23 (just under 30 per cent) were extant and substantially intact; of the others, one had been removed from the site and the remainder had been demolished.</p><br>
<p>By January 1926 a large, level site off Johnston Road, about half a mile (0.8 km) south-west of the centre of Mossman, had been acquired for the new hospital. A plan of the proposed hospital layout for the site was prepared by Public Works in April 1926, positioning the main building close to the centre of the site, facing east, and accessed from Hospital Street. To the north of the main building, connected via a covered way, were the nurses quarters, and to south, also connected via a covered way, the maternity ward. At the western side of the site, and not physically connected to the main building, were a number of ancillary buildings, structures and facilities: a doctors residence (with private driveway off Johnston Road), tennis court, wardsman&#39;s quarters, water supply pump house, drying green, laundry and powerhouse, incinerator, and morgue. The buildings were spaced well apart, to allow for future expansion on the site.</p><br>
<p>In April 1926 the Douglas Hospital Committee (established under the Voluntary Hospitals system) was replaced by the Port Douglas Hospitals Board (formed under the 1923 Act). Through 1926 debate between the Board and the Queensland government centred on whether the Port Douglas hospital buildings would be re-located to Mossman, or new construction approved. The Department of Public Works estimated a cost of £20,868 to erect an entirely new hospital and £18,016 if the nurses quarters and doctors residence were re-located from Port Douglas. Local estimates were called, which proved lower than Works had anticipated, and in October 1928 the Board accepted from the government a loan of $14,000 for construction of entirely new hospital buildings.</p><br>
<p>However, the Board also referred the Works Department design to Cairns architects Hill and Taylor, to prepare an alternative scheme in concrete based on the original plans. Richard Hill and Arthur John Henry Taylor were in partnership in Cairns from 1927 to, with a branch office in Townsville 1933-1939. The partnership was resumed in 1945 but was dissolved in 1952. During the interwar years Hill and Taylor developed an extensive practice in northern Queensland. Their work included the Cairns City Council Chambers (1929-1930, Cairns City Council Chambers); the Johnstone Shire Hall at Innisfail (1935-1938, Johnstone Shire Hall); the Barron Valley Hotel (1940) at Atherton, and buildings at several district hospitals besides Mossman, including Boulia (emergency operating theatre, 1936), Cairns (nurses&#39; quarters, 1937), Mareeba (new hospital building, 1937), and Proserpine (new hospital building 1939-1940, Proserpine Hospital).</p><br>
<p>For the Mossman Hospital, Hill and Taylor proposed replacing the planned timber balustrades to the verandahs with decorative, arcaded concrete verandah facades in the Spanish Mission style popular at the time. They argued that the concrete exterior would be less expensive to maintain, would save on fire insurance costs, and would better withstand cyclonic weather. The Department of Public Works approved the amended design and in mid-1929 extended the loan to £16,000.</p><br>
<p>Spanish Mission style architecture was popularised in Australia from the late 1920s. The emphasis on wide colonnaded or arcaded verandahs and white stuccoed exterior walls set against lush gardens (as popularised in the Californian version of the style), translated well to Australia&#39;s warm climate, particularly in Queensland. In utilising this idiom for the Mossman Hospital, Hill and Taylor created the illusion that the buildings were of a more substantial construction than was the reality - being principally timber-framed, clad and lined structures - and the white-walled buildings in the garden setting against a mountain backdrop proved to be extremely picturesque. It is the only Queensland public hospital constructed with a Spanish Mission exterior.</p><br>
<p>Decorative embellishments were kept to a minimum (to reduce costs and lessen maintenance) and included: curved concrete arches to the verandahs; moulded Maltese crosses in the front balustrades; a curved parapet defining the central entrance, with the raised lettering Mossman District hospital; and concrete arches defining the entrances off Hospital Street and Johnston Road.</p><br>
<p>When opened in 1930, the hospital comprised: a main building with male and female wards, operating room, dispensary wing, outpatients wing, and kitchen wing; maternity ward; nurses quarters; and medical superintendents residence. The hospital was soon operating at capacity, a reflection of the growth of the Mossman district during the 1930s, and extensions were necessary within a few years. About 1936 new nurses quarters were erected just inside the entrance to the site off Hospital Street, north of the drive, and at this time the 1930 nursers quarters were converted into a female ward. A new operating theatre was constructed (Hill and Taylor called the tenders for this late in 1939). By 1946 the former nurses quarters at Port Douglas (a detached timber building) had been moved onto the site and located just inside the main entrance gate, to serve as the Board Room and Secretarys Office for the Port Douglas Hospitals Board. Also by this date, an isolation block had been constructed at the north- west corner of the site, connected via a covered way to the female ward (1930 nurses quarters). New staff quarters were erected on the western side of the site, north of the doctors residence. In 1965 the outpatients wing/former dispensary at the northern end of the main building was demolished and replaced by a new building that provided accommodation for administration, outpatients and a dental clinic.</p><br>
<p>Major renovations and additions to the main building were made in 1992, when a large extension was constructed to the rear of and between the main building and the maternity ward, so that the formerly detached maternity ward was made part of the main block.</p><br>
<p>In 2016 the hospital remains a working facility of Queensland Health and provides 24 beds for acute inpatients unit and 8 beds for residential aged care.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Mossman Hospital is a complex of lowset buildings set on a level site on the western outskirts of Mossman. Cane fields and the Main Coast Range form a backdrop to the buildings which are set amongst spacious grounds of tended lawns and tropical gardens. A sweeping driveway, framed at access points by concrete formed gateways, approaches the main wing which is dominated by an extensive concrete facade with arched openings in the Spanish Mission style.</p><br>
<p>The core of the complex consists of a series of 1930s and 1940s buildings of timber framed construction with exterior walls formed in reinforced concrete together and newer buildings infilling spaces that previously separated the earlier pavilions. Early buildings include the Main Wing, the Maternity Wing and the former Female Ward (built as nurses quarters and now the Community Health Building) which face the east; former Nurses Quarters (1936, now the Dialysis Building) to the north-east; an Operating Theatre and Kitchen block behind the Main Wing; and a Doctor&#39;s Residence set apart to the south. Staff quarters are located to the west of the main building.</p><br>
<p>A large, t-shaped building, constructed in 1991, now links the Main Wing and Maternity Wing together and another building, constructed in 1965, links the Main Wing to the former Female Ward. Both the 1965 and the 1991 buildings sit forward of the buildings. An early covered walkway links the former Female Ward to the former Nurses&#39; Quarters.</p><br>
<h3>Main Wing</h3><br>
<p>The Main Wing is a long, narrow, symmetrical building of timber-framed construction with external parapet walls formed in reinforced concrete. It has a large hipped roof clad in corrugated metal sheeting with gablets at each end. The concrete walls are finished with a smooth render painted white and are punctuated with a series of arched windows to an enclosed verandah space. These frame a larger arched central entranceway. The building is raised off the ground and supported on concrete stumps. The external concrete walls extend down to the ground and are finished with a concrete plinth running around the base of building. A suspended concrete-formed ramp runs across the front of the building leading to a secondary entrance at the southern end. The arched entranceway is trimmed in red/ochre-coloured paint and is accessed via concrete formed splayed steps. The words "MOSSMAN DISTRICT HOSPITAL" is lettered above the opening. Box gutters run behind the length of the parapet wall and large painted metal rain heads are located at the southern and northern ends. Decorative features include brackets located between the windows and the top of the parapet wall, a circular Maltese cross motif pressed into the walls below each of the windows, and scalloped edging and a circular motif above the entranceway.</p><br>
<p>The southern elevation has similar details to the front including concrete-formed parapet walls, arched steel-framed windows, decorative brackets and the Maltese cross detail.</p><br>
<p>The Main Wing consists of a central bank of offices, meeting and consultation rooms with long corridors formed by enclosed verandahs running along the length of the eastern and western sides. The enclosed verandahs have early fabric visible including v-jointed boards and belt-rails to internal walls and ceilings, and pairs of panelled timber French-light doors with glazed fanlights above. The inside face of the external walls are finished with smooth cement render similar to the outside and the Maltese cross motif is also visible. On the eastern verandah early floorboards that have been painted are visible. On the western verandah the floor has been lined with a recent resilient floor finish. Generally, most internal walls within the office and consultation areas appear to be early and formed from v-jointed boards though many have been lined up to two metres from the floor with resilient finishes. Ceilings are early v-jointed boards. Door and window hardware and light fittings appear to be recent. Some glazing to the French-light doors has been painted.</p><br>
<h3>Maternity Wing</h3><br>
<p>The Maternity Wing is a smaller building to the south and is connected to the Main Wing via the 1991 extension. Like the Main Wing its principal elevation is to the east and it is of a timber-framed construction with external parapet walls formed in reinforced concrete and finished in a smooth cement render. It is asymmetrical in layout with a projecting gable to the east hidden behind a parapet wall with a scalloped profile. The remainder of the roof is hipped and clad in corrugated metal sheeting with a gablet to the northern end. An L-shaped verandah, with pairs of arched openings and timber slat balustrades capped with a bread-loaf profile handrail, runs the length of the building and runs around to the north where it adjoins the 1991 extension. It is accessed via concrete formed steps. The building is raised off the ground and supported on concrete stumps. Like the Main Wing, the external concrete walls extend down to the ground finishing at a concrete plinth. It has large arched openings to provide ventilation to the sub-floor area. The Maternity Wing has similar detailing and decorative features to the Main Wing including decorative brackets between the arched openings and the top of the parapet wall, scalloped edging and a circular motif above the projecting gable.</p><br>
<p>The northern elevation has similar details to the front elevation including concrete-formed parapet walls, arched verandah openings, timber slat balustrades and decorative brackets. A recent timber deck joins the Maternity Wing in this area to the 1991 extension.</p><br>
<p>The Maternity Wing consists of a maternity ward surrounded by verandahs on three sides (east, north and west) with a small projection to the west. It appears to have been re-roofed when the 1991 extension took place. The internal fabric appears to be original though some internal doors have been replaced. The verandah to the west has been enclosed to form a corridor that links the Maternity Wing to the 1991 extension.</p><br>
<p>Both the unenclosed and enclosed verandahs have early fabric visible including v-jointed boards and belt-rails to walls and ceilings and pairs of panelled timber French-light doors with glazed fanlights above. Floors to the enclosed verandah to the west have been covered with a resilient floor finish. The rear wall appears to have been altered during the 1991 extension.</p><br>
<p>Generally, most internal walls within the ward appear to be early though some have been lined up to 2metres from the floor with resilient finishes. Door and window hardware and light fittings appear to be recent.</p><br>
<p>A small room (use unknown) has been built post-1991 to the south of the maternity wing and has similar detailing to the older areas.</p><br>
<h3>Former Nurses' Quarters (Community Health Building)</h3><br>
<p>This building is located to the north of the Main Wing. An additional wing was added in 1991 to the rear (west).</p><br>
<p>Like the Main Wing and Maternity Wing its principal elevation is to the east and it is of timber framed construction with external parapet walls formed in reinforced concrete and finished with a smooth cement render. The main elevation is symmetrical in layout with central concrete-formed steps leading to a verandah which extends the length of the frontage. The front parapet wall is punctured by three large arched openings with pairs of narrow arched bays in between. Timber slat balustrades capped with bread-loaf profile handrails are located either side of the central opening. A timber slatted gate is located at the stop of the steps. The building has a hipped roof and is clad in corrugated metal sheeting. The front corners of the roof extend beyond the wall line and wrap around the front parapet wall. Gutters to the eaves are recent and have a square-profile.</p><br>
<p>Like the other c.1930 buildings it is raised off the ground and supported on concrete stumps. Its external concrete walls extend down to the ground finishing at a concrete plinth with large arched openings to provide ventilation to the sub-floor area. It has similar detailing and decorative features to the other buildings including decorative brackets, scalloped top edges to the parapet wall and a circular motif above the entrance.</p><br>
<p>The northern elevation has similar details to the front elevation including concrete-formed parapet walls, arched openings and decorative brackets. Recent aluminium windows have been inserted into the arched openings along this elevation. The southern elevation opens into a courtyard space created by the adjacent building. It is edged by an open verandah with arched openings and timber slat balustrades.</p><br>
<p>The building consists of offices surrounded on all four sides by verandahs. The verandahs to the east and south remain open while the verandah to the north has been enclosed to form offices. The verandah to the west has been enclosed to form a corridor between the former Female Ward and the 1991 extension. All of the verandah spaces have intact early fabric including v-jointed boards and belt-rails to walls and ceilings, floorboards and pairs of panelled timber French-light doors with glazed fanlights above.</p><br>
<p>Generally, most internal walls within the office spaces appear to be early though some have been lined up to two metres from the floor with resilient finishes. Door and window hardware and light fittings appear to be recent.</p><br>
<h3>Medical Superintendent's Residence</h3><br>
<p>The Doctor&#39;s Residence is located to the south-west of the Main Wing and is set amongst tropical foliage beyond the bitumen drive. Like the other buildings it is a timber-framed building with external walls formed in reinforced concrete but is of a more domestic scale. It is raised off the ground and supported on concrete stumps. The external walls extend down to the ground finishing at a concrete plinth with large arched openings providing ventilation to the sub- floor area. It has simpler detailing and decorative features than the other buildings.</p><br>
<p>Its principal elevation is to the south where a parapet wall, finished with a smooth cement render, conceals a hipped roof which is clad in corrugated metal sheeting. The parapet wall wraps around each corner to the east and west. The main elevation is symmetrical in layout with a central concrete-formed set of steps leading to a verandah that extends the length of the frontage. Three arched openings are located on each side of the steps. Diamond-shaped infills are located below handrail height. A recent aluminium gate is located at the top of the steps and other openings have been screened with aluminium framed flyscreens.</p><br>
<p>On the northern elevation the hipped roof extends beyond the wall to an ogee profile metal eaves gutter. The roof shades a secondary entrance which leads via concrete formed steps onto a small porch. Details are similar to the main elevation with arched openings and diamond-shaped infills repeated. A s bathroom building has been constructed immediately in front of the remainder of the elevation. It is a simple, timber-framed structure clad in profiled fibre-cement sheeting and supported on concrete stumps.</p><br>
<p>On the eastern elevation a second set of concrete-formed steps leads via an arched doorway to the southern verandah. Octagonal and arched- shaped openings are located on either side of the doorway all of which have been enclosed with screens. One arched opening has been enclosed with a timber window. A circular motif is located above the doorway where some curved detailing appears to have been removed.</p><br>
<p>The western elevation has similar details with concrete parapet walls arched openings with diamond-shaped infills to the verandah. Metal window awnings have been added above the window openings.</p><br>
<p>Though access to the interior of the residence was limited, much of the interior fabric and layout remains intact including v-jointed boards and belt-rails to walls and ceilings. Early floorboards are visible from the sub-floor area.</p><br>
<h3>Kitchen block (remodelled )</h3><br>
<p>The Kitchen block is small building located behind the Main Wing. It has a gabled roof clad in corrugated metal sheeting and external walls of rendered reinforced concrete. Openings appear to be early and are both arched and rectangular with decorative metal window hoods located on the south elevation. A decorative circular motif is located in the gable to the south. A decorative metal-formed eaves bracket supports the roof in the south-west corner.</p><br>
<p>Internally ceilings are lined with v-jointed boards but walls appear to have been re-lined when refurbishments have taken place. Some internal walls appear to have been removed.</p><br>
<h3>Former Nurses' Quarters (Dialysis Building)</h3><br>
<p>The former Nurses&#39; Quarters is a separate pavilion building linked to the former Female Ward via a timber framed covered walkway. It is sited to the north-east and is T-shaped in plan. It has been refurbished and painted recently.</p><br>
<p>This building is of a similar construction to the other buildings with timber-framing to internal walls, roofs and floors and external parapet walls formed in reinforced concrete finished with a smooth cement render. Its principal elevation faces the south and is symmetrical in layout with two sets of concrete formed steps accessing the front verandah which runs the length of the building. Each set of steps has walls of reinforced concrete with an oversized scroll detail. The building has a hipped roof concealed behind the parapet walls with gablets at each end and is clad in corrugated metal sheeting. The verandah roof is supported on square reinforced concrete posts and has balustrades also formed in reinforced concrete. At the eastern end, part of the verandah has been enclosed with aluminium windows with a recent metal awning above while at the western end two openings are screened with timber lattice panels.</p><br>
<p>The building is raised off the ground and supported on concrete stumps. Again, the external concrete walls extend down to the ground finishing at a concrete plinth. Large arched openings provide ventilation to the sub-floor area. It has similar detailing and decorative features to the other buildings including decorative brackets between the verandah openings and the top of the parapet wall and scalloped edging features above the openings. Circular moulding formed from concrete emphasises the entrance points. Openings on the verandah have been altered where it appears early door openings have been enclosed with aluminium windows and sheeted to floor level. Painted floorboards are exposed but it is unclear if these are recent.</p><br>
<p>The eastern and western elevations have similar details to the front elevation. Parapet walls with decorative brackets extend half-way along the length of the building. Verandah openings have been enclosed with aluminium windows which are covered with a metal awning. For the remainder of these elevations the hipped roof and recent metal square- profile eaves gutters are exposed. On the northern (rear) elevation exterior walls end at the soffit line where the hipped roof extends to the eaves gutter. Openings on this elevation appear to have been altered and recent steps and ramps added. A recent projection has been built in the north-west corner of the verandah.</p><br>
<p>The building was originally laid out as nurses&#39; living quarters with verandahs on all four sides. This layout generally remains but the internal dividing walls have been removed to form a central open-plan space and some verandahs have been enclosed to form office spaces and corridors. Much of the early fabric remains in these areas including v-jointed boards and belt-rails to walls and ceilings, timber panelled French light doors with glazed fanlights above. Some internal openings have been sheeted over with recent v-jointed sheeting. Those internal walls remaining have been lined to two metres high with a resilient finish along with all internal floors. Early floor boards are visible from the sub-floor area. Door and window hardware and light fittings appear to be recent.</p><br>
<p>A courtyard space is located behind the building to the south surrounded in part by a low reinforced concrete wall.</p><br>
<h3>Walkway (connecting former Nurses' Quarters and former Female Ward)</h3><br>
<p>The walkway links the former Nurses&#39; Quarters and the former Female Ward and is a timber-framed structure with half-height walls and a curved roof. It is supported on concrete stumps and the sub-floor area is enclosed with timber lattice panels. Timber posts support the roof framing which is unlined. Large eaves overhangs are formed with timber eaves brackets which may have been added later. The roof is clad with corrugated metal sheeting. The timber framing to the external walls is sheeted with fibre-cement sheeting and capped with a bread-loaf profile handrail. Early hardwood floorboards are exposed.</p><br>
<h3>Operating Theatre</h3><br>
<p>The operating theatre is a small building located between the former Female Ward and the Main Wing. It is accessed via a covered walkway. It has a hipped roof clad in corrugated metal sheeting and external walls of rendered reinforced concrete.</p><br>
<p>The main operating room retains original rendered and painted walls with floors and walls lined up to approximately one metre with tan- coloured terrazzo which also appears to be early. Some openings into this room also appear to be original; others have been altered. Ancillary rooms off the main theatre room have been re-lined.</p><br>
<h3>Staff Quarters</h3><br>
<p>This building is located to the west of the 1991 extension. It is of similar construction to the s buildings but has simpler detailing and little decoration. It has a hipped roof clad in corrugated metal sheeting and external walls of rendered reinforced concrete which extend to ground level. Rectangular ventilation slots mark the sub- floor area. Eaves gutters are recent and square in profile. External windows are aluminium framed glass louvres with recent security grilles fixed to the exterior to the western and eastern elevations with some sliding windows on the western and northern elevations. The entrance area is located on the western elevation and is accessed by a concrete-formed ramp. The entrance door has sidelights of timber lattice. Some early fixed timber louvres are located on the eastern elevation.</p><br>
<p>The building consists of offices and staff quarters and many internal walls appear to be in their original positions. Ceilings of fibre cement sheeting throughout the building appear to be early. Much of the original fabric to the eastern enclosed verandah remains including fibre-cement sheeted walls and ceilings and hardwood floorboards.</p><br>
<h3>Setting and grounds</h3><br>
<p>The Mossman Hospital buildings are surrounded by expansive lawns and spacious grounds. The long east-facing main facade overlooks a large tended lawn scattered with established trees and is set apart by a u-shaped bitumen drive. Two vehicle and pedestrian access points are marked by reinforced concrete gateways finished in a smooth cement render. These consist of a large central arch adorned with decorative brackets and a Maltese cross motif is set over the drive with two smaller arches on either side for pedestrian entry. The perimeter of the complex is enclosed with a recent aluminium tubular fence with a tubular steel fence at the rear, which is not considered to be of cultural heritage significance. Pathways through the complex are generally concrete. Garden beds with colourful foliage plantings are located throughout the complex and mark entrance points to the buildings. These are generally defined with concrete edging.</p><br>
<p>Unobstructed views to the canefields and Main Coast Range to the west are a feature of the site and form a backdrop to the hospital buildings. These buildings and their spacious setting are clearly visible from the complex&#39;s entry points.</p><br>
<h3>Non-significant elements</h3><br>
<p>Various buildings have been added to the site over time and are not considered to be of cultural heritage significance. These include the -1992 T-shaped building located between the Maternity Wing and the Main Wing; the building located between the former Female Ward and the Main Wing; the Services Building to the rear of the site; the X-Ray building located between the Kitchen block and the Operating Theatre; and the new Morgue.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Mossman District Hospital was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 12 June 2009 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The construction of the Mossman District Hospital ( with 1930s and 1940s additions) is important in demonstrating the evolution of Queensland&#39;s history, being surviving evidence of the impact of the Hospitals Act 1923 in expanding the provision of hospital facilities in rural Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important also in demonstrating the consolidation of Mossman as the administrative and service centre of Douglas Shire, at the expense of Port Douglas. This in turn reflected the importance of sugar cropping and milling in the district during the first half of the twentieth century, generating the income and population to support a district hospital in Mossman during the interwar period.</p><br>
<p>The Mossman District Hospital remains important evidence of a pavilion plan hospital of the early twentieth century. Of the 78 pavilion plan hospitals and wards erected in Queensland between 1901 and 1938, only 23 (just under 30 per cent) were extant and substantially intact by 1996. At the Mossman District Hospital, the original layout of separate but walkway-connected single-storeyed pavilions remains evident, despite later infill additions, illustrating a particular philosophy of hospital design popular in Queensland during the first four decades of the twentieth century. The principal pavilions - main wing and kitchen block, maternity ward, original nurses quarters, and doctors residence - remain in situ, as do the 1936 nurses&#39; quarters, operating theatre and staff quarters, and retain their early form and much original fabric. The use of deep surrounding verandahs is important in illustrating the adaptation of pavilion ward design to a sub-tropical climate.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Retaining much of the attractive original exterior detailing in the Spanish Mission style, and set in lush gardens against a spectacular mountain backdrop and with early decorative concrete arches to the street entrances, the Mossman Hospital and grounds is significant for its strong aesthetic appeal, which has been a valued characteristic of the place since 1930. It is the only Queensland public hospital designed with Spanish Mission style exteriors. The incorporation of similar stylistic elements into recent additions to the hospital is illustrative of the significance of the early aesthetic values of the place.</p><br>
<p>Mossman Shire Hall and Douglas Shire Council Chambers is a heritage-listed former town hall at 8-14 Mill Street, Mossman, Shire of Douglas, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Hill & Taylor and built in 1937 by Tarmey & Euhus. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 August 2010.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former Mossman Shire Hall and Douglas Shire Council Chambers, constructed 1936-1937, is a substantial civic building that reflects the importance of the sugar industry to north Queensland during the interwar period and is associated with the ascendancy of Mossman as a commercial and administrative centre and the decline of Port Douglas as an early regional centre. The hall also demonstrates the pattern of construction of civic buildings for local government purposes during the 1930s using funds from the Queensland Government Unemployment Relief Scheme.</p><br>
<p>The town of Mossman lies inland from Port Douglas, on the flood-plain of the Mossman River between the Great Dividing Range and the coast, about 70 kilometres north of Cairns. Port Douglas was established in 1877 as an alternative to Cairns as a service port to the Hodgkinson goldfield, which had been proclaimed on 15 June 1876. With the construction of the Cairns-Kuranda railway line in 1882-1891, Port Douglas gradually declined as a town and port. The Mossman district, although initially taken up as homestead selections supplying fodder, maize and tropical fruits to the goldfields, converted to sugar-growing in the 1890s and prospered in the early twentieth century. During these formative years, the region was part of the Douglas Divisional Board (established in 1880) but was replaced by Douglas Shire Council on 30 March 1903 after the Local Authorities Act 1902 abolished divisional boards.</p><br>
<p>The township of Mossman was created from a private subdivision made following the establishment of the Mossman Central Mill on the Mossman River in 1894-1895 under the Sugar Works Guarantee Act 1893. Sugar production in the Mossman district expanded rapidly from this time. Despite this, in 1910 the township comprised little more than the Exchange Hotel, a store, butcher&#39;s shop, hall and timber church, clustered around the sugar mill. These buildings and most of nearby Port Douglas were severely damaged by a cyclone on 16 March 1911. In the aftermath, and with the continued increase of both transient and permanent workers in the sugar industry, businesses at Port Douglas gradually gravitated to Mossman. In the 1920s the Court House and banking facilities moved from Port Douglas to Mossman, and by the end of the decade Mossman was the administrative centre of Douglas Shire.</p><br>
<p>Despite the growing population in Mossman, Douglas Shire councillors continued to meet in Port Douglas. In 1932, however, the Queensland Government amended the Local Authorities Act so that governments-in-council could subdivide shires into divisions for election purposes. As a result, the Douglas Shire was divided into five divisions and all but one of the new divisions had one council member. Division three (Mossman River to South Mossman River) had two council members which gave residents of Mossman greater council representation and influence. A new council was elected in 1933 and Raymond David Rex was elected Chairman. Moves to improve town facilities began immediately, with the Mossman Chamber of Commerce requesting that Mossman be declared a municipality so that water services could be upgraded and street lights electrified. While Mossman never became a municipality, it did become the administrative and commercial hub of Douglas Shire, and from 1937, the seat of the Douglas Shire Council.</p><br>
<p>In August 1934 Rex proposed council borrow £4,250 and use subsidies from the Queensland Governments Unemployment Relief Scheme to build a new shire hall and council offices at Mossman on a 1 acre (0.4ha) site in the centre of the town, to which council had held the title since 1903. The Unemployment Relief Scheme was part of the Forgan Smith Labour Governments strategy to support employment. Many civic buildings and infrastructure projects were established across Queensland using this scheme, the Intermittent Relief Work Scheme, and projects managed by the Bureau of Industry. Other extant shire halls in Queensland that were constructed during this period include Gladstone Town Hall (1933-1934, now Gladstone Regional Art Gallery and Museum), Gayndah Soldier&#39;s Memorial Hall and Council Chambers (1935, now Gayndah Shire Hall), Bowen Shire Council Offices (1935-1937), Johnstone Shire Hall (1935-1938), and Goondiwindi Shire Hall (1937-1938, now the Goondiwindi Civic Centre).</p><br>
<p>In Mossman, a special meeting was convened to discuss Rex&#39;s proposal. His vision to construct a hall, shire offices and commercial shops (to make the venture viable) was supported by other councillors and the proposal went to tender in October 1934. The council was split regarding the choice of design but eventually selected plans by well-known Cairns architects Richard Hill and AJH Taylor. Hill & Taylor, in partnership from 1927 to and then 1945 to 1952, designed a number of prominent north Queensland civic buildings between the first and second world wars, including the Cairns City Council Chambers (1929-1930), Cairns Post Office (1930), Johnstone Shire Hall in Innisfail (1935-1938) and a number of country hospitals, including Mossman District Hospital and Proserpine Hospital (1939-1940).</p><br>
<p>However, the process of finalising the design and layout was protracted. Continued deliberations regarding building components, style and plans caused delays and friction within the council, and between council and the architects. The final proposal stipulated that the new shire hall complex would comprise four commercial shops, council offices upstairs, a hall, supper lounge and ample stage accommodation. Costs were not to exceed £8,500. Three additional sets of plans were submitted before they were sent to the Public Works Department for approval. Its report outlined a range of issues that required attention and the architects were asked to amend plans and get their representative in Brisbane to liaise with them. Although tenders for the construction of the hall were called in July 1935 it was not until November 1935 that builders Arthur Zillfleisch and Tom Booth were nominated. Further problems saw the tender to build the hall eventually being awarded to Messrs Tarmey & Euhus, the firm that had submitted the lowest tender price of £9,896.17.6. Despite continued problems during the construction period, the building was finally completed in 1937 and officially opened on 9 June 1937.</p><br>
<p>The new shire hall had four shops on the lower floor, including a chemist and cafe. The incorporation of retail spaces into public halls, theatres and large civic buildings was popular during the 1920s and 1930s - a means of maximising the income that could be derived from these large and expensive projects. The shire halls and council offices at Goondiwindi, Innisfail and Bowen, for example, all had ground floor, street-accessed retail spaces included as part of the design. If the building contained a public hall or theatre, one of the shops inevitably was occupied by a cafe.</p><br>
<p>The Mossman Shire Hall, with its drop screen, stage and orchestra pit and dressing rooms, was subsequently used for a range of community events and functions. In 1938, alterations and additions were made by Hill & Taylor. These included: extending the awning to the pavement from the hall, a new area for storing chairs on the northern side of the building, new kitchen facilities in the commercial premises, and renewing flashing and box guttering on the southern side of building. During World War II, the hall was used by troops as a dance hall.</p><br>
<p>In the 1970s, additions and alterations to the hall included enclosing the louvred wall on Mill Street with concrete block to reduce the noise from the tram line (which passes within two metres of the building) and to block out natural light.</p><br>
<p>In 1996 Douglas Shire Council moved into new offices in Front Street, Mossman and vacated the offices on the upper level of the 1937 building. In 2008 Douglas Shire, Mulgrave Shire and City of Cairns were amalgamated under the Cairns Regional Council, with one representative from the former Douglas Shire. The former Mossman Shire Hall is still used for a variety of community events, while the commercial premises on the ground floor are occupied as shops or by community project groups. In June 2008 the entire former Douglas Shire was declared an iconic place under the Iconic Queensland Places Act 2008. In the gazetted declaration (No. 52, 20 June 2008) the built environment values listed as being notable and worthy of preservation include those related to Mossman being the administrative centre of the Shire.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Mossman Shire Hall and Douglas Shire Council Chambers is a large rendered concrete building located on a level site in the centre of Mossman at the intersection of Mill Street (the main street of the town), Junction Road and the Captain Cook Highway. The building is orientated east-west extending along Mill Street. Its western end comprises two storeys with its principal south-west elevation truncated to face the intersection and giving it prominence as a civic building in the centre of the town. Retail premises (originally four shops) are located on the ground floor with offices (originally the council offices) on the first floor. The hall and its ancillary facilities including supper lounge, stage and fly tower occupy the remainder of the building and are located east of the shops along Mill Street.</p><br>
<p>The shop fronts are protected by a cantilevered awning which has early pressed metal edge detailing; the western-most shop has an entrance in the principal (south-west) elevation, and the remaining three shop fronts have entrances off MiIl Street. Three of the four shop fronts retain large metal framed display windows with recessed timber entrance doors and fixed panels (originally glazing) above. Walls surrounding the display windows have a dado of dark green glazed tiling decorated with geometric glazed tile patterns in pale green, red and black. The eastern shop front (to the former cafe) has been replaced with aluminium-framed glazing and entrance door and alternate tiling.</p><br>
<p>Above the awning, the north-west, south-west and southern elevations to the offices have been articulated with classical detailing including pilasters and entablature. To the north-west and southern elevation the pilasters are paired with smaller pilasters of the Corinthian order. Eight multi-light steel-framed casement pairs with fanlights provide natural light and ventilation to the offices; one on the north-west elevation, three on the south-west elevation and four on the southern elevation. The gabled roof over the offices is concealed behind a parapet which steps up along the south-west elevation and to which three flagpoles are fixed.</p><br>
<p>The cantilevered awning extends east over the entrance to the first floor offices, the entrance to the hall and the ticket office. A pair of three panelled timber doors provides access to the first floor offices and a roller door has replaced earlier entrance doors to the hall. The parapet above this section of the building is articulated with pilasters and a simple cornice and conceals a skillion roof to offices that are a later addition between the former council offices and hall.</p><br>
<p>East of the hall foyer the building line steps back from the street alignment. The hall floor is approximately 600mm higher than street level and has two pairs of doors reached by pairs of stairs. The doors are set within concrete block walls which have replaced lower level banks of louvres that extended to the ceiling of the hall. This southern facade of the hall has a skillion-roofed verandah which is a later addition. The gabled roof to the hall is partially concealed behind a parapet along the southern elevation and has two clerestory lights along both sides.</p><br>
<p>The walls to fly tower and southern dressing room are featureless apart from four small high level multi-light casements to the dressing room and a single window to the rear of the stage. The fly tower has a gabled roof, while the rear of the stage, a skillion roof. A parapet conceals a skillion roof over the dressing room.</p><br>
<p>The eastern elevation of the building is largely featureless with three high level multi-light casements, a fourth casement at the back of the fly tower and a window to the rear of the dressing room. Three openings on the eastern elevation give access to the basement below the stage. The opening at the southern end has a pair of ledged doors, while the other two openings have been altered with infill panels and later doors.</p><br>
<p>Adjacent to the north-east corner of the building is a small toilet block which is a later addition and partially conceals the early rear wall of the dressing room. The northern elevation of the supper lounge is clad in patterned board sheeting which appears to be a later addition. The kitchen adjacent to the supper lounge is clad in timber weatherboards. The northern elevation of the office and shop components has been substantially altered with concrete block additions.</p><br>
<h3>Commercial premises</h3><br>
<p>Interior partitions between the shops are of rendered concrete and the partition between the shops at the western end of the building has been removed, to form one larger retail space. Despite this change, the four former shop volumes are apparent and each retains early decorative cornices and ceiling roses. The third shop from the west was a former chemist and retains early timber cupboards and shelving. Alterations and additions have been made at the rear of the shops.</p><br>
<h3>First floor Chambers (former council offices)</h3><br>
<p>The stair hall leading to the first floor offices from Mill Street consists of 25 treads in a single flight with timber handrails fixed to the walls. The early office layout has been altered with additional partitions added and openings made in early walls. Some v-jointed tongue and groove partitions and early ceilings and geometric patterned cornices remain under later wall linings and above suspended ceilings. The timber cabinets at the enquiry counter appear to be early.</p><br>
<h3>The Hall</h3><br>
<p>The overall fabric of the hall is intact, although a few alterations have been made. The ceilings retain features such as decorative ceiling roses and cornices with geometric designs. The proscenium arch has elaborate mouldings with abstract geometric designs. Pairs of eight-light french doors opening to the north into the supper lounge are intact (although a few lights have been replaced), as is the timber floor. The walls at the rear of the hall are clad in later perforated acoustic corrugated steel sheets. The southern side of the hall has concrete block infill between structural concrete pillars with banks of louvres above the walls. Female toilets at the rear of the hall are an addition. The supper lounge and kitchen area retains its original form but appears to have no original features.</p><br>
<h3>Stage area</h3><br>
<p>The timber stage is approximately one metre above the hall floor. It has a raked floor and has been extended and possibly covers a former orchestra pit. The dressing rooms at either side of the stage have concrete walls, remain largely intact and follow the original plan. Steps lead down from this level to toilets which also can be accessed from the hall. One bathroom has been refitted. Underneath the stage are storage rooms accessed from outside.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Mossman Shire Hall and Douglas Shire Council Chambers was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 August 2010 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Mossman Shire Hall and Douglas Shire Council Chambers are important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland&#39;s history, in particular the construction of civic buildings during the 1930s assisted by funding from relief and job-creation schemes. Civic projects - including shire and town halls, offices and chambers; community swimming pools; roads; bridges; and street and park beautification schemes - were undertaken throughout Queensland at this period as a result of these schemes, and as a group these places are important in articulating a particular historical period, the impact of State government initiatives to combat the economic depression, and design concepts popular at the time.</p><br>
<p>The Mossman Shire Hall and Douglas Shire Council Chambers is a substantial building for a small administrative centre, and in this it is important in illustrating the era of prosperity accompanying the expansion of the north Queensland sugar industry during the 1920s and 1930s, and the shift during these years of the administrative heart of Douglas Shire from Port Douglas to Mossman in the State&#39;s northern-most sugar-growing district.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Mossman Shire Hall and Douglas Shire Council Chambers building is a good representative example of a regional civic complex. It remains substantially intact and is important in illustrating the principal characteristics of a 1930s civic building located in the centre of town on the corner of Mossmans principal streets, combining council offices and meeting rooms, retail spaces, and a large public hall with entry foyer, stage, fly-tower and dressing rooms. Early features include: steel-framed, multi-paned casement windows to the former offices; a cantilevered street awning with decorative metal edging; shop fronts with decorative ceramic tiles; timber cabinetry in the former chemists shop; decorative plaster work to the ceilings of the former council offices; clerestory lights/ventilation panels in the roof of the hall; and timber floors throughout.</p><br>
<p>The Mossman Shire Hall and Douglas Shire Council Chambers is significant as a building designed by the architectural partnership of Hill and Taylor, prominent local architects in north Queensland during the interwar period, and contributes to our understanding of their portfolio of work across this part of the state.</p><br>
<p>National Bank of Australasia Building is a heritage-listed former bank at 11 Mill Street, Mossman, Shire of Douglas, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Lange Leopold Powell and built from 1935 to 1936 by Arthur E Zillfleisch and Tom Booth. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 August 2010.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former National Bank of Australasia at Mossman is a single storey masonry and timber building designed by notable Queensland architect, Lange Leopold Powell (1884-1938). Constructed from 1935 to 1936, this prominent building illustrates the economic growth experienced by regional towns in Queensland sugar producing districts during the 1920s and 1930s.</p><br>
<p>Mossman lies inland from Port Douglas, on the flood-plain of the Mossman River between the Great Dividing Range and the coast, about 70 km north of Cairns. George Elphinstone Dalrymple&#39;s North-East Coast Exploring Expedition of late 1873 brought attention to the resources around the Johnstone, Mulgrave, Russell, Daintree and Mossman rivers and from 1874 cedar stands on the latter were being logged extensively. Behind the coastal river plain the Hodgkinson goldfield was proclaimed on 15 June 1876. Initially accessed via Cairns, in 1877 a new route between the coast and the goldfields was found and Port Douglas was established as the new service port about four miles south of the mouth of the Mossman River. With the construction of the Cairns-Kuranda railway line between 1882 and 1891, however, the importance of Port Douglas as a town and port declined, while the town of Mossman emerged in the early twentieth century as the administrative centre of a thriving sugar-growing district.</p><br>
<p>By 1878 the most readily accessible cedar stands in the Mossman River district had been exhausted, although logging in more difficult to reach areas continued into the 1880s. Agricultural settlers followed the timber getters from the late 1870s. Initially they supplied fodder, maize, rice and tropical fruits to the goldfields. Excessive rain and poor soil productivity, however, resulted in much of this land being converted to sugar-growing, with Brie Brie Sugar Plantation and mill being established in Mossman in 1883 (although the mill soon became inoperative). The impetus for more extensive sugar cropping in the district came with the establishment of the Mossman Central Co-operative Mill in the mid-1890s under the provisions of the 1893 Sugar Works Guarantee Act.</p><br>
<p>The township of Mossman was created from private subdivisions made in 1885 and following the establishment of the Mossman Central Mill. Despite the rapid expansion of sugar growing in the district from the mid-1890s, in 1910 the township of Mossman comprised little more than the Exchange Hotel, a store, butchers shop, hall and timber church, clustered along Mill Street leading to the sugar mill. These buildings and most of nearby Port Douglas were severely damaged by a cyclone on 16 March 1911. In the aftermath, and with the continued rise in transient and permanent workers in the sugar industry, businesses at Port Douglas gradually gravitated to Mossman. In the 1920s the Court House and banking facilities moved from Port Douglas to Mossman, and by the end of the decade many of the districts services, including the Post Office, were located in Mill Street. In the 1930s town activity was further increased with the opening of a new hospital in 1930, the completion of the Cook Highway between Cairns and Mossman in 1933, and the opening of the new Shire Hall and Offices in 1937. Mossman was now the administrative centre of the shire. During this period of exceptional growth in north Queensland&#39;s sugar towns, the National Bank of Australasia Ltd built its branch in Mill Street, Mossman.</p><br>
<p>The National Bank of Australasia began business in Melbourne in 1858. The bank expanded into rural and regional Victoria, South Australia and later into Western Australia. Branches were opened in New South Wales and Tasmania in the mid-1880s. The bank was restructured in 1893 after the economic crisis of the early 1890s and it became a public listed company as the National Bank of Australasia Limited (NBA).</p><br>
<p>In 1920 the NBA opened a branch in Brisbane - its first in Queensland. In 1922 the NBA absorbed the Bank of Queensland, which had been formed in 1917 following the merger of the Royal Bank of Queensland (formed in 1886) and the Bank of North Queensland (established in 1888), providing the NBA with branches throughout Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The NBA&#39;s principal competition in Mossman was the Queensland National Bank (QNB), established in Brisbane in 1872. From 1895 the Port Douglas branch of the QNB had served as the bank to the Mossman Central Mill Company and on 28 December 1900 a QNB agency opened in Mossman. In the 1920s a Mossman branch of the QNB, with attached residence, was constructed in Mill Street. This building survives, but has been altered.</p><br>
<p>The NBA first opened a branch in Mossman on 28 June 1929 in premises rented from the Exchange Hotel. Banks often rented premises prior to committing themselves to a region to test its viability. The bank&#39;s decision to acquire land in Mill Street in 1934 is a strong indication that the Mossman district, buoyed by the expansion of the sugar industry, was economically stable during this period. On 21 March 1935 builders Arthur E Zillfleisch and Tom Booth signed a contract for the construction of purpose-built banking premises, which were completed in 1936 for the contract price of £320.5.3.</p><br>
<p>The new building was designed by Brisbane-based architect Lange Leopold Powell, who undertook a variety of commissions for the NBA between 1922 and 1938. Powell was articled to architects Addison and Corrie from 1900 to 1905, and later worked as a draftsman in the Queensland Public Works Department. In 1908 he went to London, returning to Brisbane in 1911. From this time until his death in October 1938, Powell worked in private practice either on his own or in partnerships with other architects. He designed, remodelled or altered 26 other branch buildings for the NBA; was involved in the design for the NBA&#39;s Brisbane headquarters; and designed business premises for the Commercial Bank of Australia Ltd. Apart from his work in Mossman, his work on NBA buildings in regional Queensland included the branches in Ayr (which has a grand, classically styled front facade), Bundaberg, Innisfail, Cairns, Wynnum, Mareeba, Tully, Atherton.</p><br>
<p>Powell designed other notable buildings in Brisbane that are entered in the Queensland Heritage Register, including: St Martins War Memorial Hospital (1922, now St Martins House), Ballow Chambers (1924 and 1926) and the Brisbane Masonic Temple (1930). In addition to this portfolio of work, Powell was a key figure in the development of the Royal Australian Institute of Architects, co-drafting the constitution in 1930 and serving as the institute&#39;s fourth president between 1932 and 1933. The architectural firm he started continues today as Powell, Dods and Thorpe Architects, with offices in Brisbane and Townsville.</p><br>
<p>One of the most distinctive qualities of the building was the impressive temple-like street facade. The use of classically derived stylistic elements was a recurring theme in banking architecture in Queensland, and Australia generally, from the nineteenth century well into the middle of the twentieth century and was very popular during the 1920s and 1930s. Imposing, well-balanced designs symbolised all that banking institutions hoped to convey about the reliability and dependability of their businesses.</p><br>
<p>Mill Street was still unsealed when the bank was built in the middle of the decade. However, by the end of the decade, the Douglas Shire Council Offices as well as the Town Hall, Post Office, School of Arts, Queensland National Bank, Post Office Hotel, Jack and Newell&#39;s General Store, Exchange Hotel and the National Bank of Australasia all occupied a place on Mill Street and were part of a regional commercial precinct.</p><br>
<p>From 1943 to 1948 the Mossman branch of the NBA closed its business due to the war time rationalisation of manpower. During this period the building was used as a residence. In 1948 the NBA absorbed the QNB, closing the former QNB branch at Mossman.</p><br>
<p>In 1981 the National Bank of Australasia Limited merged with The Commercial Banking Company of Sydney Limited to form the National Commercial Banking Corporation of Australia Limited and subsequently changed its name to National Australia Bank Limited (NAB). On 7 April 1986, the Mossman branch of the NAB moved into new, larger premises in Front Street, which had become the main street of the town, being the thoroughfare from Cairns and Port Douglas in the south through Mossman and north towards the Daintree River. Mill Street, by comparison, became less important as the town&#39;s commercial activities were no longer centred solely on the mill.</p><br>
<p>The former NAB building was purchased by Douglas Shire Council in 1987 to house its Engineering Department. The following year the roof was replaced with profiled metal decking. In 1997 the Council, including its Engineering Department, occupied new purpose-built premises in Front Street, and the former bank building was then leased by Centrelink until 2001. It stood vacant until 2002 when it was leased by Douglas Arts Inc., a community arts group. It continues to be used as a community arts centre in 2010.</p><br>
<p>In June 2008 the entire Douglas Shire, which had been amalgamated into the Cairns Region earlier that year during a statewide local government reform program, was declared an iconic place under the Iconic Queensland Places Act 2008. In the gazetted declaration (No. 52, 20 June 2008) of this iconic place, the built environment values listed as being notable and worthy of preservation include those related to Mossman being the administrative centre of the Shire. Following a referendum in 2013, the Shire of Douglas was re-established on 1 January 2014.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former National Bank of Australasia at Mossman is one of several historic buildings located in Mill Street, along which a tramline runs linking the Mossman Central Mill to cane farms west of the town. Other buildings along Mill Street include the Mossman Shire Hall and former Douglas Shire Council Building, Jack and Newell&#39;s General Store, the former Exchange Hotel and a refurbished picture theatre. The surrounding landscape is generally flat, sloping slightly towards the Mossman River and its tributaries. The distant views from the steps at the front of the bank are to Mount Demi and the Great Dividing Range to the west and to Mount Beaufort to the east.</p><br>
<p>The former bank building is sited facing north on a long, narrow allotment and is a simple timber-framed building with gabled roof, given a prominent street presence through the use of a masonry facade and portico. The facade is temple-like in its symmetrical composition comprising a number of elements of classical origin including widely spaced Doric columns between plain pilasters supporting a simplified entablature and cornice. The columns and surrounding architrave have a terrazzo finish as does the exterior and portico walls to approximately one metre above ground floor level.</p><br>
<p>From the street level, four steps finished in terrazzo lead up between the columns to a small portico with the riser of the third step engraved with the words "Douglas Shire Council" in uppercase lettering. The floor to the portico, inlaid with the words "National Bank", and the architrave, corbels and lintel surrounding the main entrance are also finished in terrazzo. The original front door has been replaced with an aluminium framed door with a side light. The tall windows either side of the front door comprise two pairs of six- pane steel framed casement windows vertically aligned and separated by a fixed light between the upper and lower sashes. Above the door, the fixed window has 12 panes and decorative wrought iron grilles are fixed to all windows on this elevation.</p><br>
<p>Behind the portico, the remainder of the main building is long and narrow, timber-framed and clad in weatherboards with a gabled roof. The northern gable end is hidden behind the facade which forms a parapet and the southern end of the roof is hipped. The roof of the main building is clad with ribbed-profile metal sheeting and the low pitched skillion roofs to the rear additions are clad in corrugated metal sheeting.</p><br>
<p>On the eastern elevation are four tall hooded windows each comprising two pairs of vertically aligned, six-pane timber framed casements. The west elevation is similar except the bottom pair of casements of the southern-most window have been replaced by a door which is accessed by a ramp.</p><br>
<p>Beyond the portico is the banking chamber, a large room approximately 11 metres long and seven metres wide with four metre high ceilings. It occupies the entire enclosed space of the building for most of its length. The walls are lined with vertically jointed pine boards and there is a profiled picture rail in line with the head of the windows. Ceilings are of plaster with cornices and decorative ceiling roses that remain. Skirtings, architraves and cornices in the chamber have multiple stepped profiles. To the rear of the chamber a full height wall of perforated fibreboard, is a later addition, built in line with the front of the strong room, which remains with its original door in place. While the walls and ceiling of the banking chamber are relatively intact, the fittings belonging to the bank have been otherwise removed and the floor covered with carpet. The original lighting has been replaced by hanging fluorescent fittings.</p><br>
<p>There are two weatherboard-clad additions built against the southern wall of the main bank building. A passageway leads past the strong room to these additions, which include toilets and a kitchen and are not considered to be of cultural heritage significance. The toilets are accessed by doors in the southern wall. Adjacent to this is the kitchen which appears to have been constructed after the toilets.</p><br>
<p>There is a garden bed along the western side of the allotment and behind the building is a long garage building clad in steel sheeting. This is recently built and is not of cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former National Bank of Australasia Building was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 August 2010 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former National Bank of Australasia building at Mossman was constructed in 1935-1936 and makes an important contribution to our understanding of the era of prosperity experienced by many north Queensland towns during the expansion of the sugar industry in the 1920s and 1930s. It is a small but prominent building in the main commercial precinct of Mossman, with a facade designed to impress and reassure patrons of the banking institutions financial stability and probity. The building was constructed at a time when Mossman was emerging as the administrative heart of the Douglas Shire, a successful sugar-growing and -milling district of Queensland. Mossmans identity in this Shire was confirmed in the Iconic Queensland Place of Douglas declaration made in June 2008 regarding the Shire.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The former National Bank of Australasia building at Mossman is an excellent example of a small bank building designed to meet the needs of a small rural town and the agricultural district it serviced, while at the same time reaffirming the banking institution&#39;s financial credentials by incorporating a conspicuous and substantial masonry facade to the building. Displaying a hierarchy of functions and materials - an impressive, classically styled masonry facade with entrance portico and columns masking a utilitarian, weatherboard-clad building behind - and retaining its early banking chamber, strong room and fenestration, the building has a high degree of integrity and is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of its type.</p><br>
<p>The building also contributes to our understanding of the work of notable architect Lange Leopold Powell who made an important contribution to Queensland&#39;s built environment, and was a key figure in the development of the Royal Australian Institute of Architects. Powell designed or modified numerous buildings for the National Bank of Australasia in Queensland, of which this is a fine example of those he completed in regional towns - characteristically a strong classically influenced street facade to an otherwise simple building. He also designed many other significant buildings, such as the Brisbane Masonic Temple, arguably one of his finest works.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The former National Bank of Australasia building at Mossman is of aesthetic significance for the valuable and prominent contribution it makes - through scale, form, materials and design - to the distinctive visual character of the town. This is characterised by a patterning of spaces and buildings comprising one to two storeys, built to the footpath with a formal street facade in contrast to a simpler structure behind. The impressive, classically designed facade of this building is of particular aesthetic merit. The use of classical architectural elements in the facades of banks and other commercial buildings, town halls and institutional buildings was popular in the 1920s and 1930s and has made a noticeable contribution to Queensland&#39;s built environment.</p><br>
<p>Exchange Hotel is a heritage-listed hotel at 2 Front Street, Mossman, Shire of Douglas, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Vibert McKirdy Brown and built from 1934 to 1935. It was also known as Daintree Inn. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 9 November 2012.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Exchange Hotel is the second timber hotel to stand on the prominent site at the corner of Front and Mill streets in Mossman, a sugar town located about 75 km north of Cairns. Built in 1934-35 to replace the first Exchange Hotel, which was badly damaged in a March 1934 cyclone, the second Exchange Hotel was designed to appeal to a tourist clientele. Tourism to the district increased after the opening of the Cook Highway in 1933, with road trips to Mossman and the town of Daintree among the local attractions promoted to visitors to far north Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Mossman lies inland from Port Douglas, on the flood-plain of the Mossman River between the Great Dividing Range and the coast. Cedar stands on the Mossman River were logged from 1874 and agricultural settlers followed the timber getters from the late 1870s, supplying fodder, maize, rice and tropical fruits to the Palmer River (1873) and Hodgkinson goldfield (1876).</p><br>
<p>Port Douglas was established in 1877 as a port for the Hodgkinson goldfield and Mossman was founded in the mid-1880s with the subdivision of land, located south of the Mossman River, owned by Daniel Hart and Thomas Wilson. The Exchange Hotel stands on part of Portion 72, selected by Wilson in 1879. Although early selectors attempted mixed agriculture, poor soil and high rainfall meant that the land around Mossman was more suited to sugar cane cultivation.</p><br>
<p>Initially, Queensland sugar cane was grown on large plantations, using indentured South Sea Islander labour, and nine sugar plantations (each with their own mill to crush sugar cane) were established in far north Queensland between 1878 and 1891. However, six of these had closed by 1891. The Brie Brie sugar plantation near Mossman operated a sugar mill between 1884 and 1888.</p><br>
<p>Several factors influenced the decline of the plantation system and its replacement by small farms supplying large central sugar mills. A drop in sugar prices in 1884, progressive restrictions on the use of non-European labour in the sugar industry from 1885, and government promotion of closer settlement by European "yeoman" farmers (owners of smaller landholdings), led to an end in the trade in South Sea Islander labour. The 1893 Sugar Works Guarantee Act provided loans to groups of farmers who mortgaged their land to the government, formed a company and built a co-operatively owned sugar mill to process their cane.</p><br>
<p>In far north Queensland, government funding was provided for the Mulgrave Central Mill (Gordonvale, first crush 1896) and the Mossman Central Mill (first crush 1897). The Mossman Central Mill Company, which was formed in 1894, purchased 20 acres of Wilson&#39;s Portion 72 in 1896, and Mill Street, which ran east to the mill from the main north-south road, became the commercial heart of Mossman.</p><br>
<p>The sugar industry spurred Mossman&#39;s development. Two galvanised iron hotels were moved to Front Street from Craiglie in 1894, to become the Royal Hotel and Mossman Hotel, and the Queens Hotel was built in 1896. Mossman was linked to Port Douglas by a tramway in 1900 (sugar was shipped from Port Douglas from 1897 to 1958), and a tramway depot was located at the corner of Mill and Front Streets, near the Mossman Triangle. The town had five hotels by 1910, including the Exchange, Mossman, Royal, Post Office and Queens. After the 1911 cyclone damaged buildings in both Mossman and Port Douglas, businesses and government buildings located at Port Douglas gravitated to Mossman.</p><br>
<p>One of the early sugar suppliers to the Mossman Central Mill was Denis OBrien, whose wife Teresa ran the first Exchange Hotel. OBrien operated a hotel in Cooktown with Teresa from 1874, moved to Port Douglas in 1877 and opened the North Australian Hotel (now the Central Hotel). In 1893 OBrien selected land near Mossman. He grew sugar and was a director of the Mossman Central Mill, with his son Edward Joseph OBrien (one of eight children) later serving as chairman of directors for many years.</p><br>
<p>FW Buchanan built the first Exchange Hotel for the OBriens, and Teresa OBrien is listed in the 1897 Pughs Almanac as running the Exchange Hotel in Mossman. In 1904 the eldest OBrien daughter, Kate, married Daniel J Kirwan, who became the licensee of the hotel in 1905, the year Denis OBrien died at his property "Finlayvale".</p><br>
<p>The Exchange Hotel was originally one storey, but had a second storey by 16 March 1911 when a cyclone destroyed the upper floor. The hotel was repaired and continued to serve the town, despite being damaged again in a 1920 cyclone. Licensees of the hotel between 1914 and 1932 included EJ OBrien, Sarah Ann Agnew, William Hyslop, Ellen Maud Petersen, Helena Norman McKenna, Teresa Nugent (nee OBrien) and Ellen Constance O&#39;Brien.</p><br>
<p>Meanwhile, government encouragement of the sugar industry meant that there were 4238 small canegrowers in Queensland by 1911. Most of Queenslands existing sugar mills were established by 1925, and an influx of cane-cutters, including southern Europeans, before and after World War I boosted the population and economy of far north Queensland. Many of the cane-cutters went on to operate their own farms. The Queensland sugar industry flourished in the 1920s and 1930s, due to government subsidies. When combined with the Forgan Smith Labor Governments Unemployment Relief Scheme (civic building and infrastructure projects), a burst of building activity resulted in Mossman and other far north Queensland sugar towns.</p><br>
<p>In the 1930s economic activity in Mossman was further increased with the opening of the Mossman District Hospital in 1930; the completion of the Cook Highway between Cairns and Mossman in 1933 (as part of the Unemployment Relief Scheme); and the opening of the Mossman Shire Hall and Douglas Shire Council Chambers in 1937. Mossman was by now the administrative centre of the Douglas Shire (established in 1903 to replace the Douglas Divisional Board).</p><br>
<p>During this period of prosperity for Mossman a cyclone on 12 March 1934 once again heavily damaged the top storey of the Exchange Hotel, but this time the whole building was replaced, with the timber sourced from the Daintree Mill. In April 1934 tenders were invited for the erection of a hotel in timber and concrete at Mossman, for Mrs T Nugent, the architect Vibert McKirdy Brown of Atherton. Tenders were also called for the removal of the old Exchange Hotel. Teresa Nugent was the daughter of Denis and Teresa O&#39;Brien, and along with her sisters Anne Kenny and Bridget Fynn, assumed ownership of the land on which the hotel stood in August 1934.</p><br>
<p>VM Brown was a well known local architect who practiced in Far North Queensland from the 1920s to 1940s. Born in South Africa c.1887, by 1916 he was living in north Queensland where he enlisted and served in the army during World War I, listing his pre-war trade as "contractor". From 1925 Brown advertised himself as an architect in Atherton and over the next two decades he completed a wide variety of buildings throughout the Cairns and Atherton Tablelands area. Characteristics of Brown&#39;s works include art deco and simplified classical style ornamentation, particularly raised banding on facades.</p><br>
<p>Brown had a long association with the Atherton District Hospital Board, and was responsible for many of the Atherton Hospital buildings constructed in the 1920s and 30s. Brown also designed many buildings for the Catholic Church in the region, including St Augustines Church School and Convent at Mossman (1934). He also designed several buildings for the Returned Sailors and Soldiers Imperial League of Australia, including their club rooms on the Esplanade in Cairns (1938). In his home town of Atherton, Brown designed many civic and commercial buildings, including the Tinaroo Shire Council Chambers (1928), various shops, and the Grand Hotel (1933) on the corner of Main and Vernon streets. In Mossman, he designed the former Jack and Newell Building (1936), which stands opposite the Exchange Hotel on the corner of Mossman Street, Mill Street and Junction Road. Other notable works by Brown include an extension to Bolands Department Store in Cairns (1936, now the Bolands Centre), the Rex Theatre in Cairns (1938), and Mareeba Fire Station (1939). Brown ceased practicing as an architect in the late 1940s and died in 1957, aged 70.</p><br>
<p>The new Exchange Hotel capitalised upon the existing far north Queensland tourist trade, which had been increasing since the 1880s. During the 19th century far north Queensland was seen as a romantic, exotic and tropical destination, with visitors mainly interested in the natural beauties of the area, such as landscapes, numerous waterfalls and the Chillagoe Caves. The health benefits of the spa at Innot Springs, and the coolness of mountain locations of Herberton and Kuranda, were also attractive.</p><br>
<p>However, transport infrastructure was limited to rough tracks and railways constructed to access mining, timber and agricultural resources. It was not until the 1920s, with the rise of the motor car and the construction of tourist roads by the Queensland Government, that tourism accelerated in the region.</p><br>
<p>In the 1920s and 30s, Cairns was the major entry point for visitors to far north Queensland, and had an established reputation as a tourist centre and "tropical winter resort." Arriving by the boat load, the number of tourists needing accommodation in Cairns often exceeded the number of "first class" hotel rooms available, with those missing out having to sleep on board their ships. The completion of the Brisbane-Cairns railway in 1924 (called the "Sunshine Route" from 1929) opened another option for reaching Cairns. By 1925, the Hides Hotel and the Strand Hotel were the only two first class accommodation houses in Cairns, and the need for a greater number and higher standard of accommodation options to foster the tourist trade, on the Atherton Tablelands as well as Cairns, was becoming more widely recognised.</p><br>
<p>From 1891 tourists could access the Atherton Tablelands by rail, but the construction of the Gillies Highway (Gordonvale to Yungaburra) in 1926 enabled the White Car Line to transport tourists by road, increasing access to attractions like Lake Barrine, Lake Eacham, the Mount Hypipamee Crater and the Curtain Fig Tree at Yungaburra. Other popular attractions in the region in the interwar period included the Barron Falls, the Maze, Fairyland Tea Gardens, and Dodds butterfly collection at Kuranda, the "Jungle" at Malanda, and Paronella Park south of Innisfail. Favoured seaside resorts in the 1920s included Double Island Beach, Yorkeys Knob, Turtle Bay, Second Beach, False Cape, and Browns Bay, while visitation to the Great Barrier Reef occurred with launch trips to Green Island. The Palmerston Highway (Innisfail to Ravenshoe) opened in 1935 and allowed road access to the southern tablelands.</p><br>
<p>As more places became accessible, tourist hotels were constructed to attract and accommodate visitors. Two of the largest hotels in far north Queensland were constructed at Yungaburra and Malanda. The Lake Eacham Hotel at Yungaburra, originally built in 1910 after the arrival of the railway line from Cairns, was considerably extended and refurbished in time for the opening of the Gillies Highway, assisting the town to develop as a tourist destination and a gateway to the Tablelands. The Malanda Hotel had its major phase of construction in 1911 after the arrival of the railway line, but it too benefited greatly from the increased tourist trade brought about by the Gillies Highway. Already a large, two storey timber hotel, it underwent an expansion in 1928 that increased the number of bedrooms to 60 and included the addition of a "tropical lounge".</p><br>
<p>Apart from refurbishments and extensions, many new hotels (or total rebuilds of existing hotels) of various sizes were constructed throughout far north Queensland in the late-1920s and 1930s, including: the Tully&#39;s Stratford Hotel (1926, now Barron River Hotel); Ravenshoe Hotel (1927); Criterion Hotel at South Johnstone (1930); Hambledon Hotel at Edmonton (approx 1930); several hotels in Cairns, Innisfail and Gordonvale; the Grand Hotel in Atherton (1933); the Silkwood Hotel (1938); plus the Royal Hotel (1932) and the Post Office Hotel (1932) in Mossman.</p><br>
<p>The Mossman areas scenery was promoted as an attraction in the 1920s. It was accessed from Port Douglas by road or tramway, and cars and drivers could be hired in Mossman. However, in 1931 work began on the Cook Highway, a scenic coastal road from Cairns to the Daintree. When the section from Cairns to Mossman opened in December 1933, the Cook Highway replaced the Bump Track as the land route from Mossman to Cairns, and enabled tourists to travel on the White Car Line from Cairns to Port Douglas and Mossman and back within a day. Prior to the Highways completion the Minister for Public Works, Henry Adam Bruce, stated that it "should prove to be one of the finest tourist roads in Australia". From Mossman, tourists could take a bus to the dairying centre of Daintree, or pay for car trips to the beach at Port Douglas, Mossman Gorge and Mt Demi, and other scenic spots.</p><br>
<p>By 1935 the Mossman Chamber of Commerce noted that the Cook Highway had been responsible for great business activity and building in Mossman, and that "the Exchange Hotel (damaged by the cyclone last year) has been entirely rebuilt, and is now one of the largest, finest, and most up-to-date in appearance and has done much to improve the look of the town". An advertisement for the hotel that year pronounced "This newly-erected Hotel is one of the most modern in North Queensland. All rooms open on to spacious balconies. Running water in every room. Septic systems. Commodious Lounges and delightful ball-room".</p><br>
<p>On 10 April 1935 the Cairns Post noted that the Exchange Hotel bar was open, with the building being put in order to accommodate boarders, "and will supply a long felt want during the tourist season". Soon afterwards it was reported that the "new, modern" Exchange Hotel would be open for the Easter holidays, and that "this magnificent building is one of the most up-to-date hotels in North Queensland and offers something absolutely new in accommodation and service." In June that year the same newspaper commented that "with implicit faith in the great expansion of Mossman and the stability of this wonderfully fertile district, the owner, Mrs D. O&#39;Brien, has had erected this really palatial hotel". It was also claimed that the hotel was the ideal rendezvous for tourists, who could by car view "some of the finest scenery in Australia".</p><br>
<p>The June 1935 article reported that the hotel had 12 (3.7 m) verandahs to the front and rear, with ladies and gentlemens bathrooms and showers on the rear verandah (Mill Street wing and Front Street wing respectively), along with lavatories (water closets) connected to a septic system. The remainder of the rear verandah was enclosed with casement windows, while the front verandah offered scenic views, including of the Good Shepherd, a rock formation on Mount Demi. The ground floor possessed a bar of large dimensions, with an Amatice refrigerator of "heroic" size in the centre, encircled by counters. There were parlours to the rear of the bar and also two small alcoves for cards. There was a "very roomy" downstairs lounge, separated from a coffee room by folding doors. These doors could be folded back to create a dance floor which occupied two thirds of the Mill Street frontage. A main stairway ascended to the first floor corridor from the lounge. Also on the ground floor were a dining room and kitchen opposite the coffee room (in a rear wing, since demolished, off the east end of the Mill Street wing), and a billiard room and shops (a hairdressing salon and a drapers shop according to a Licensing Inspectors report; these were located at the south end of the Front Street wing). The staff quarters were in a separate detached building (a cottage, extant in 1975 but since demolished).</p><br>
<p>There were reportedly 31 bedrooms (1940 plans of the hotel show 30) located on the first floor, which were roomy, well ventilated and lit, with a built-in corner wardrobe and corner wash basin, with running water "if necessary". There was a different colour scheme in each bedroom, and a central upstairs lounge had built-in cupboards for linen. Each bedroom opened onto both a central corridor and a verandah. A power house containing a Ruston-Hornsby engine and a generator provided electric lighting and also powered a pump for well water. Lock-up garages were provided. At this time the hotel was under the care and supervision of a company, Mesdames Kenny, Nugent and Fynn.</p><br>
<p>The Exchange Hotel was part of a pattern of increased hotel luxury in the 1930s. Hotel designs of this decade in Queensland employed a variety of modern styles, including Spanish Mission, Functionalist and Art Deco. Often on corner sites with features such as rounded facades, sweeping horizontal or vertical ornamentation, cantilevered awnings and hipped, tiled roofs, these new hotels offered a higher standard of accommodation and comfort for patrons and guests than older establishments.</p><br>
<p>Changes to legislation in 1935 completely changed the administration of the liquor laws, which became entrusted to a Licensing Commission, with the immediate objectives of a better distribution of licences throughout the state, and of raising the standard of accommodation both for the requirements of the general public and for tourist traffic. A campaign for the remodelling of licensed premises spread through the state, resulting in the improvement of accommodation offered by both country and city hotels. Typical hotel layouts included a bar (or multiple bars), cold rooms and storage, lounges and parlours, dining room and kitchen on the ground floor, with bedrooms, lounge and shared guest bathroom facilities on the first floor. Large function spaces were made possible by the use of folding doors or partitions between the lounge and dining rooms, and separate entrances for guests and bar patrons continued to be a requirement. The Commission insisted on the provision of services such as running water to all bars and bedrooms, hot and cold if possible.</p><br>
<p>In both major cities and small towns, the timber hotels of the preceding decades were gradually being renovated or replaced by brick and masonry structures, often after a devastating event such as a fire or cyclone. Particularly in smaller towns, these new hotels were seen as a sign of progress and confidence in the future. It was reported that £500,000 was spent on new hotels and hotel modernisation between November 1935 and May 1938.</p><br>
<p>The Exchange Hotel in Mossman was completed just prior to the introduction of the 1935 legislation, but incorporated all of the features required of a modern tourist hotel. The style of the building, however, is closer to that of a 1920s hotel, combining older, familiar features (such as timber construction, wide double storey verandahs, single skin verandah walls and French doors) with restrained modern detailing. It bears a resemblance to architect VM Brown&#39;s earlier hotel design, the Grand Hotel in Atherton (1933), which was constructed from concrete with timber verandahs. Another similar 1930s hotel is the Hotel Charleville (1932), constructed from brick.</p><br>
<p>The Exchange Hotel hosted a variety of guests. Despite its more traditional design, it was sufficiently upmarket to be used for civic dinners for the Minister for Public Works, HA Bruce, and later for the Governor-General Lord Gowrie and Lady Gowrie, during July 1936. A civic reception was also held for the Queensland Premier, William Forgan Smith, in October 1937, and a civic luncheon was held for the Queensland Governor, Sir Leslie Wilson and Lady Wilson, in June 1939. The hotel also provided accommodation for visiting doctors, bankers, public servants, business people, graziers and other upper-middle class visitors. As an important part of the town&#39;s social life, the Exchange Hotel was utilised for dances, Melbourne Cup parties, weddings, World War II fundraising events, and Rotary Club meetings. Commercial travellers also displayed their wares at the hotel, and consulting rooms were let to visiting professionals.</p><br>
<p>In 1953 the Exchange Hotel was still the "best hotel in town" according to the Licensing Inspector, and hotel garages existed on the land south of the Front Street wing by 1957. In 1964 it was reported that the hotel had a mixed clientele, with some travellers and some permanent boarders (sugar mill workers). Licensees at the second Exchange Hotel (after Teresa Nugent, from 1934-1950) have included Domingo Lombarte (1950–52), Minnie Martinez (1952-1957), Albert John McKenzie (1957–58), Angelo Papas (1958-60), Minnie Martinez, Ronald Desmond Neary, and Frederick James Dobbins during the 1960s, and Brian S. Geeves, Luigi Venturato, and Mary Susan Bryen during the 1970s.</p><br>
<p>Meanwhile, the land on which the hotel stands changed hands, and reduced in size. From the initial one acre owned by Teresa O&#39;Brien, 2 roods, 17 and 6/10ths perches was transferred to Teresa Nugent, Anne Kenny and Bridget Fynn in 1934, with a reduced frontage to Mill Street. Some land at the east end of the Mill Street frontage was sold to Lorenzo and Minnie Martinez in 1956, and they then purchased the land on which the hotel stood in 1957. Land at the south end of the Front Street frontage was sold to the Commonwealth Bank in 1963, leaving the current 1 rood, 16 and 87/100ths perches (1438m2), which was then transferred to Samuel Allen and Sons Limited in 1966; to Ashwick (QLD) No 148 Pty Limited in 1985; to Exchange Hotel Pty Limited in 1987; and to Port Balcombe Pty Limited in 1988. Part of the ground floor was leased to the Totalisator Administration Board (TAB) of Queensland from 1989, and in 2009 the land was sold to Lance Sutton and Melynda Harding.</p><br>
<p>Along with changes in licensees, hotel owners and land owners, the hotel has been altered on the ground floor since 1935, including expansion of the main bar area. However, the ballroom and retail spaces survive and the parlour spaces are still readable. By the early 1950s the room on the Mill Street side of the main bar contained two parlours, while there was a wet store and another parlour on the Front Street side of the main bar, with a passage to the south; then a billiard room with barber shop, and a shoe store at the south end of the Front Street wing. The parlours on the Mill Street side of the main bar were converted into a private bar (this was referred to as the Ladies lounge by 1969, and was called the "Blue Moon Bar" by 1978), while the Front Street parlour became a bottling room by 1959, a bottle shop (with incorporation of the adjacent passage) and then an extension of the main bar with a wall demolition.</p><br>
<p>In 1978 plans were approved for the removal of most of the kitchen and dining wing and its replacement with a smaller kitchen (completed by March 1979), the former coffee room becoming the dining room. In 1987 the bottle shop was moved southwards to the site of the original billiards room, and later a TAB operated from the southernmost shop space. New male and female toilet blocks (plus a dry store) were built to the centre rear of the ground floor in the early 1980s, and in 1988 the existing private bar counter configuration was formed, with the doorway to the street being replaced by a window. Since 1988, the TAB has been replaced by an extension of the bottle shop, for which the wall between the two original shop spaces was removed. The main bar counter, which used to form a deep "U" into the room, has been reduced in size.</p><br>
<p>The first floor has seen fewer changes between 1940 and the present: on the Front Street wing, the end of the corridor plus the four southernmost bedrooms have been converted into the managers unit, with wall removals and enclosures of parts of the front and rear verandahs. One intact adjacent bedroom is also used by the manager. At the east end of the Mill Street wing, the end of the corridor and two bedrooms have been converted to the owners unit, with wall removals and a bathroom addition. Two other bedrooms are intact as staff bedrooms, another bedroom (along with part of the rear verandah) is now a laundry, and parts of the front and rear verandah have been enclosed. Eighteen bedrooms were available for public use in 2012. The two original toilet and shower blocks still exist off the rear verandah, although the former ladies&#39; bathroom is now a staff bathroom. The upstairs lounge, main internal stairway and stairway to the rear verandah are also intact. 1940s plans indicated fire escape ladders to the front verandah of each wing; these no longer exist, except for the gates in the balustrade.</p><br>
<p>Shifts in tourism and transport patterns in the late 20th century led to a decline in demand for accommodation in Mossman, as improvements to the Cook Highway and resorts at Port Douglas meant that tourists were more likely to stay overnight in Cairns or Port Douglas. Although the Bruce Highway was finally bitumened all the way from Brisbane to Cairns in the early 1960s, facilitating faster trips north in the family car, by 1965 it was noted that tourists were passing through Mossman without staying the night. As eco-tourism increased in the Daintree and Cape Tribulation area, Mossmans appeal as a scenic destination in its own right was reduced while Port Douglas evolved as the accommodation centre for the regions tourism.</p><br>
<p>From 2009 to 2013, the Exchange Hotel was renamed the Daintree Inn and catered for the family and backpacker market.</p><br>
<p>In 2013, in derelict condition, the hotel was purchased and restored by Sydney businessman Mark Collins, re-opening in 2014 once again as the Exchange Hotel.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Exchange Hotel is located on a prominent corner site of the main fiveways intersection of Mossman, a small town approximately 75 km north of Cairns in far north Queensland. Bounded by Mill Street to the north and Front Street to the west, the building has an L-shaped plan and is built to the street boundaries, with multiple entrances from both streets. A driveway runs from Front Street along the southern side of the building to a rear courtyard and outdoor bar area, separating the hotel from a two-storey commercial building. An easement from Mill Street runs along the eastern boundary of the hotel site, dividing it from a long, gable roofed building on the adjacent property.</p><br>
<p>The hotel is a large, two storey timber building, truncated at the corner, with wide verandahs to both streets over the footpaths and to the rear. The street elevations are surmounted by decorative timber parapets with simple triangular pediments, behind which a timber framed roof slopes to the rear, clad in metal roof sheeting. External walls are clad in timber chamferboards and the first floor verandah walls are single skin with exposed studwork and cross bracing. On the ground floor, there is a section of diagonal boarding and evidence of an enclosed former doorway on the west elevation. The eastern wing has a timber framed floor, while the remainder of the building sits on a concrete slab and ground floor verandah posts have raised concrete footings.</p><br>
<p>The location of the main entrance to the former ground floor lounge, now a dining room, is indicated by a gable feature in the northern verandah roof. The main entrance door is set back within a small alcove with elaborate timber surround, comprising square pilasters and a shallow triangular pediment. The double timber door with large glass windows is divided into four lights on each leaf, surrounded by fan and sidelights made of multiple rectangular panes of textured glass (sidelights sheeted over). Other early doors and windows on the street elevations have similar fanlights above, and early windows are timber framed four-light casement windows with textured glass. The rear first floor verandah is enclosed by a continuous band of casements and some side windows retain metal window hoods.</p><br>
<p>Ornamentation is modest, featuring a diamond motif evident around the main entrance doorway; in the feature panels of the first floor verandah balustrade; and underneath the painted verandah signage, where there are traces of diamond shapes that had been formed by attached timber battens (now removed). Verandah posts are chamfered with decorative timber capitals on both floors.</p><br>
<p>The building comprises public spaces on the ground floor and accommodation on the first floor. The main bar occupies the prime position in the front corner of the building, with a shop occupying the remainder of the Front Street (southern) wing. The Mill Street (eastern) wing comprises a small private bar and a large dining room containing the main staircase to the first floor. Behind the dining room, a passage below the rear verandah contains a second staircase and connects the main bar, staff and service areas, the dining room, the rear courtyard and a kitchen at the far eastern end. The first floor has a central corridor running the length of the two wings with rooms on either side and passages connecting the front and rear verandahs. At the end of each wing, rooms have been converted into staff accommodation and a manager&#39;s residence. Shared toilet and bathroom facilities adjoin the rear verandah with female amenities in the centre of the eastern wing and male amenities at the south end of the southern wing.</p><br>
<p>The main bar is a large open room with three entrance doors, one each to Mill and Front streets and one at the truncated corner. Large windows provide views to the surrounding streetscape. Having undergone many alterations, the bar layout, furniture and finishes are not early or original and do not have cultural heritage significance. At the southern end of the room there is evidence of the location of early internal walls, and an early ceiling with two fibrous plaster ceiling roses remains. A doorway at the southern end of the bar area connects through to the adjacent shop. Doors in the eastern wall lead to the rear passageway and to the private bar.</p><br>
<p>The shop (operating as a bottle shop in 2012) has also undergone many alterations, with evidence of a central wall having been removed to form one large area from two smaller shops. The ceilings feature circular plaster ceiling roses and decorative cornices. The remaining shop fit-out, furniture, shop-front glazing and entrance doors are recent and not of cultural heritage significance. A modern cold room has been installed at the rear of the northern shop area, while the rear of the southern shop area has been extended to the east, with timber verandah posts visible in the structure of the eastern wall.</p><br>
<p>The private bar is a narrow room with the bar along the western wall. Apart from the ceiling, which has two ceiling roses and decorative cornices, the fit-out, furniture and finishes of this bar are recent and not of cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<p>The dining room occupies most of the ground floor area of the eastern wing. It retains many original and early features, such as joinery, a decorative plaster ceiling with delicate floral border and cornices, and ceiling roses matching those in the private bar and southern main bar. A wall with a large opening divides the space; with traces of a former folding door system evident in the floor and lintel (doors have been removed). The main entrance door from Mill Street opens into the western half of the room, and in the south-west corner is the main staircase, constructed from dark-stained silky oak with a small cupboard beneath. A door with fan and sidelights opposite the main entry door leads to the rear passageway. Walls throughout the room are lined with vertical V-jointed tongue and groove boards up to picture rail height and plastered above. Timber skirtings and architraves have a simple chamfered detail. The southern wall has been modified at the eastern end, to provide a doorway and two servery windows into the adjacent kitchen. The floor is polished timber floorboards, with a section of bare concrete flooring adjacent to the kitchen.</p><br>
<p>The rear passageway features timber verandah posts along the southern side and a secondary timber staircase to the first floor. The underside of the first floor verandah structure remains visible. The kitchen and storage areas constructed at the eastern end of the passageway are not of cultural heritage significance. Built up against the rear verandahs, the rear service area consists of a series of single storey blockwork structures with overlapping timber-framed roofs clad in metal sheeting. They contain loading and storage spaces, toilets, a staff office and a small outdoor bar. None of the structures with modern fabric are of cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<p>Throughout the interior of the first floor, floors are polished timber and walls are vertical timber tongue and groove boards finished with chamfered timber detailing: picture rail, architraves and wide skirtings. Generally, flat sheeting with timber cover battens line the walls between bedrooms and the ceilings. Internal doors are high-waisted timber panelled doors with early door hardware. All unaltered bedrooms have a timber built-in corner cupboard and small basin. At the intersection of the two wings there is a lounge room with built-in cupboards along two walls.</p><br>
<p>A number of internal modifications have been made in order to provide staff accommodation including: enclosure of the end of the central passageway, alterations to walls and doorways, enclosure of verandah space and installation of facilities such as kitchens, bathrooms and a laundry room. These modifications are not of cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<p>The front verandah is approximately 3.6 metres wide with a two-rail slat balustrade. Two narrow fire escape gates remain in the balustrade structure (one each in the centre of the north and west verandahs). Bedroom doors opening on to the verandah are low-waisted timber French doors with four lights per leaf and retaining early door hardware. Two sash windows are located adjacent to the diagonal north-west corner of the building. All doors and windows opening on to the verandah have textured glass. The southern end of the west verandah has been screened off from public access, and the eastern end of the north verandah has been enclosed to form a communal kitchen (not of cultural heritage significance). The toilets and bathrooms off the rear verandah have undergone some internal alterations and upgrades.</p><br>
<p>The courtyard area in the south-east corner of the hotel grounds contains an in-ground swimming pool, garden beds, palm trees and covered areas. None of these features are of cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<p>Views to surrounding mountains and landscapes are obtained from the first floor verandahs of the Daintree Inn, as well as views of the town and the Mossman Mill chimney stack. As one of the largest buildings in the centre of town, the hotel has a strong landmark presence within the Mossman streetscape, and overlooks a triangular grassed area formed by the unusual and picturesque configuration of roads at the heart of Mossman, where five roads and a tramway intersect. The style of the hotel is complimented by other 1930s buildings in the vicinity, including the Mossman Shire Hall and Douglas Shire Council Chambers opposite on Mill Street, the former Jack and Newell building (now occupied by Mossman Hardware) on the corner of Junction Road and Mill and Mossman Streets, and the former National Bank of Australasia in Mill Street.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The Exchange Hotel was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register as the Daintree Inn on 9 November 2012 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The hotel, built in 1934-35 after a cyclone damaged its predecessor, capitalised on the 1933 completion of the Cook Highway. It is important in illustrating the growth and prosperity of the north Queensland tourism and sugar industries during the 1920s and 1930s and the associated development of Mossman as the administrative heart of the Douglas Shire.</p><br>
<p>The hotel also demonstrates a wider pattern of hotel building, rebuilding and modification in Queensland during the 1930s, undertaken with the support of the Queensland Government to encourage tourism.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The hotel is a good regional example of a large timber interwar hotel that demonstrates the principal characteristics of its type. Built to provide comfortable accommodation for tourists, its original form and layout is legible and it retains many features including its lounge and coffee room (ballroom) space and evidence of its bars, parlours and retail facilities on the ground floor. On the first floor it retains: largely intact bedrooms, each with wash basin, opening off a central hall and onto wide verandahs; separate male and female bathroom facilities off the rear verandah; and a central guest lounge. Decorative features include ornamental plaster ceilings in the public ground floor spaces, battened sheet ceilings to the first floor rooms and generously sized timber joinery including built-in cabinets.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Situated on a prominent corner site, and as the largest of Mossman&#39;s three hotels, the place has landmark presence. It also contributes to a streetscape of 1930s buildings, including the Mossman Shire Hall, the former Jack and Newell building, and the former National Bank of Australasia in Mill Street.</p><br>
<p>Gayndah Shire Hall is a heritage-listed town hall at 32-34 Capper Street, Gayndah, North Burnett Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Hall & Phillips and built from 1934 to 1935. It is also known as Gayndah Soldiers&#39; Memorial Hall, Gayndah Town Hall, and Gayndah and District Soldiers Memorial Hall and Council Chambers. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 28 September 2001.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Gayndah Soldier&#39;s Memorial Hall and Council Chambers was constructed in 1935 on the corner of Capper and Pineapple Streets by the Gayndah Town Council. The building was designed by prominent Brisbane architects, Hall and Phillips, and is one of a number of buildings designed by the partnership that demonstrates an Art Deco influence.</p><br>
<p>Gazetted in 1849, the town of Gayndah initially developed as the centre for a number of large sheep stations taken up in the Burnett region during the 1840s. Gayndah&#39;s early growth as a pastoral "capital" is largely attributed to the determination of the squatters, and for a short time, the town reputedly rivalled Brisbane as the capital for Queensland. Gayndah also developed as the administrative centre for the area - a school (Gayndah State School) was established in 1861, and post office and court house were erected. A branch of the Commercial Banking Company of Sydney was opened in 1864, and a local government authority was established in 1867. By the late nineteenth century, cattle had replaced sheep as the dominant pastoral activity. Citrus orchards also flourished, and together with cattle and dairy farming, provided the basis for the development of Gayndah from the turn of the century.</p><br>
<p>The first local authority was convened in 1867 and a Town Council, consisting of a mayor and three aldermen was elected by poll. In 1882 the Rawbelle Divisional Board was established and attended to all business outside the jurisdiction of the Town Council until 1922 when a new board known as the Rawbelle-Gayndah Joint Board was formed and comprised a delegation from Gayndah. 1925 saw the merging of the Town Council with the Joint Board to form the Gayndah Shire Council, which consisted of a Chairman and six councillors.</p><br>
<p>The site for the proposed Town Hall had been acquired in 1924 possibly through arrears in rates payments. The block (1 rood 14.4 perches) was subdivided in October 1929 and the southern section (25.8 perches) was transferred to the Queensland Country Women&#39;s Association.</p><br>
<p>At a meeting of the local progress association on 29 September 1933 it was resolved to proceed with the Town Hall project which was supported by the Gayndah branch of the RSSILA and the Gayndah Chamber of Commerce.</p><br>
<p>To design the council chambers the Town Council engaged the Brisbane architectural firm of Hall and Phillips. Hall and Phillips had formed a partnership in 1929, when Lionel Blythewood Phillips was admitted into partnership with Thomas Ramsay Hall formerly of Hall and Prentice, who designed the Brisbane City Hall and Ascot Chambers. Hall and Phillips continued in practice until 1948 and their projects included the Shell Building in Ann Street, The Empire Theatre, Toowoomba, the Nambour Town Hall and shire offices at Gatton, Murweh, Boonah, Dalby and Monto.</p><br>
<p>The Council Offices were designed to include the Council Chambers, a general office, a spare office and offices for the Town Clerk, the Health Officer and the Engineer. The Hall included ladies and gentlemen&#39;s cloak rooms a ticket office, the hall and stage, dressing rooms and a supper verandah with kitchen. Separate public toilets with a septic system were constructed at the rear of the hall.</p><br>
<p>The estimate for the cost of the building was £6,000 Application was made to the Queensland Treasury for a subsidy of £3,000 and a loan of £3,000. Tenders were called in March 1934 for a new concrete Town Hall at Gayndah. H E McDonnell was the engineer for the project and Tom Cullen, was the foreman.</p><br>
<p>The Council Offices were complete by May 1935 with the Hall completed a short time after. The building which was named the Gayndah and District Soldiers Memorial Hall and Council Chambers was officially opened on 19 July 1935 by the Hon Ned Hanlon in commemoration of the employment relief loan the Gayndah Town Council had received from the Queensland Government in order to construct the building. Problems associated with the availability of materials and the quality of the day labour sent to work on the project are recorded in the Council minutes and may explain the moderation of the detailing in the building as constructed as compared with the published drawings.</p><br>
<p>The project which cost £7,012 received an additional £500 subsidy and £500 loan from the government and excluded the furnishings and fitting out of the toilets. The building, described as a nice example of modern architecture in the 12 October 1934 edition of the Building journal, added a new type of architecture to the town. The Town Hall Pictures and supper rooms opened on 7 August 1935 and were operated by lessees continually until 1997 when picture shows were discontinued in the hall.</p><br>
<p>Thursday nights were reserved for functions other than pictures and various committees held balls and concerts at the Hall. The balls were well attended until the mid 1960s and with three different picture programs a week, the Town Hall offered a wide cross section of the community an opportunity for entertainment.</p><br>
<p>In 1974 alterations were made to enlarge the supper room and upgrade the kitchen with funds provided by the RED scheme. An office and a kitchenette were added to the rear of the Council Offices at this time. The original lighting, removed in the 1980s and additional lights installed has since been reinstated alongside the new lighting. Other changes include the removal of the gates to the vestibules - these are stored on the site and the construction of a brick toilet block on the corner of Capper and Pineapple Streets.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Gayndah Town Hall and Council Chambers is a single storeyed rendered concrete building with corrugated iron roof situated on the southern corner of Capper and Pineapple Streets, Gayndah. The hall is set back from the Pineapple Street footpath providing for a lawn along its western side. The lawn, located below the footpath level is surrounded by a low concrete retaining wall and iron fence to the south and west and by the later toilet block to the north.</p><br>
<p>The L-shaped building has a symmetrically composed facade comprising three bays with a projecting central bay. The entrances to the Council Chambers and Town Hall Theatre are located in the end bays above which a raised signage panel on the parapet clearly denotes these functions. The central bay signage panel bears the name, Gayndah Soldiers&#39; Memorial Hall.</p><br>
<p>The fenestration comprises pairs of three-light casements and fanlight which are separated by pilasters with simple vertical detailing and articulated by raised vertical and horizontal rendered concrete bands. The pilasters finish to the underside of a wide string course that projects forward to form a hood at each entrance and at the centre of the building. The parapet is decorated on its upper edge and on a string course below with a vertical lined pattern which creates a subtle crenellated silhouette.</p><br>
<p>The skillion roof to the Council Chambers has sloping parapets at each end which conceals it to the east and separates it from the gable roof over the hall and skillion roof over the bio box behind the facade. The hall roof is hipped at its southern end and has a ventilated gablet at each end.</p><br>
<p>The hall is entered via stairs to a vestibule with ticket office. The ladies and mens cloak rooms are located on either side of the vestibule and have cement rendered walls, fibrous cement sheeted ceilings with timber cover battens and timber floors. Inside, the Hall is framed with arched timber trusses between which the curved ceiling is lined with fibrous panels and timber cover strips. Timber lattice ventilation panels are located in the centre of the ceiling between the trusses. The floor is timber framed on concrete stumps and is lined with Crow&#39;s Ash. The stage has a simply detailed battened proscenium and dressing rooms open off the eastern side. The supper room and kitchen, which has been altered and extended is also located on the eastern side and has been altered more recently with floor covered and banks of louvres. A structure above the entrance to the hall to access the sound and lighting equipment is a later obtrusive addition.</p><br>
<p>The council offices are entered via stairs to a public space which retains its original counter. The offices are divided by timber and glass partitions and the Council Chambers are lined with timber panelling. The ceilings are lined throughout with fibrous cement sheeting and timber cover battens and the furniture in the Council Chambers dates from the original fit out.</p><br>
<p>The detached public toilets are a cement rendered building with corrugated iron roof and concrete slab floor. These are used as general storage.</p><br>
<p>With the exception of the later additions to the rear of the council offices and the supper room, the Gayndah Town Hall is very intact.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Gayndah Shire Hall was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 28 September 2001 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Gayndah Shire Hall constructed in 1935 and in continued use since that time demonstrates the development of Gayndah during the 1930s and reflects the optimism of the Shire for the future of the district.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Gayndah Shire Hall is an important example of a regional Town Hall designed by the Brisbane architectural partnership, Hall and Phillips. The building, which comprises council offices, chambers and theatre is in an intact condition and is still in use for its original purpose.</p><br>
<p>The building has a special association with the community of Gayndah and District and with its designers, Hall and Phillips who designed many fine buildings in south-east Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The building has aesthetic significance as a well composed building designed to illustrate the progressive nature of the Town Council.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The building has a high level of social significance as a centrally located civic building which has been the focus of the communities&#39; activities since 1935.</p><br>
<p>Goondiwindi Civic Centre is a town hall which is heritage-listed at 100 Marshall Street, Goondiwindi, Goondiwindi Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Addison & MacDonald and built in 1937 by Thomas Charles Clarke. It is also known as Council Chambers, Town Hall, and Civic Theatre. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 9 July 1993.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Goondiwindi Civic Centre comprises the Town Council Chambers, Town Hall and a set of shops linked by a common facade, in the main street of Goondiwindi. The Centre was designed by architects George Frederick Addison and Herbert Stanley MacDonald and built by Thomas Charles Clarke in 1937, and opened by the then Minister for Health and Home Affairs, Mr Ned Hanlon, in 1938.</p><br>
<p>The Centre was built with the assistance of the Queensland Government, with a loan of £10,333 and a subsidy of £5,167. The rents received by the Council from the building covered the repayments due by the Council, and the loan was repaid by.</p><br>
<p>The Centre replaced the existing Council buildings which were considered unsafe for public use and the School of Arts building which was also in a poor state of repair. The Centre was considered an outstanding structure in Goondiwindi, and demonstrated the interest in the steady improvement of the town displayed by previous Councils.</p><br>
<p>The Council Chambers were substantially altered internally and extended in 1987.</p><br>
<p>The Town Hall was used as a commercial cinema for a number of years from around 1950 until 1978 and has received intermittent use since then. A new community centre was constructed in Goondiwindi in 1990, which has substantially taken over the function of the Town Hall.</p><br>
<p>The facade linking the Council Chambers and Town Hall, including the shops, has not been substantially altered since its construction.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Goondiwindi Civic Centre is a complex of single storeyed rendered masonry buildings with corrugated iron roofs linked by an Art Deco parapeted street facade. The complex consists of the Council Chambers at the eastern end (which incorporates a 1987 blockwork extension to the rear), a row of four shops extending to the west, and an auditorium which is located behind the shops and is separated from the adjacent council chambers by a service courtyard. A kitchen wing extends from the south-eastern corner of the auditorium.</p><br>
<p>The facade which links the buildings is rendered in a combination of cream-coloured stucco and smooth cement, with vertical elements picked out in rose. It is designed to carefully articulate the hierarchy of and entrances to the three components of the civic centre. The Council Chambers is the primary feature of the facade, with a generous entrance recess with stepped surrounds surmounted by an elegantly proportioned clock tower which can be seen from most locations on Marshall Street. This links to the simple parapet of the adjacent shops, from which a metal awning is suspended. The shopfronts are decorated with mosaic tiles. The entrance to the auditorium is similar to but more modest than that of the Council chambers, and is located between the two eastern most shops.</p><br>
<p>The entrance to the Council Chambers is framed by a panel in relief with a stepped parapet, and flanked by single rectangular windows. The entrance is shaded by a horizontal semi-circular projecting concrete awning which has a geometrical Art Deco stained glass window inset above. Decorative vertical banding rises above the entrance, continuing past a stepped parapet to form the corners of the clocktower, which has a square clockface, shingle tiled roof and weathervane. The Council Chambers is entered via four etched glass timber doors. The 1987 refurbishment included restoration of much of the original silky oak and walnut joinery.</p><br>
<p>The shopfronts are decorated with banded ceramic tiling below the display windows, with a fine continuous band decorating the door and window heads. The eastern-most display window retains its original timber backing shutters. The awning has a pressed metal soffit with geometric motifs.</p><br>
<p>The auditorium is entered via a passage between two shops; the entrance is marked with stepped surrounds surmounted by vertical banding in relief, which bear the words "Town Hall". The auditorium has a simple rectangular plan running north-south, with the stage and proscenium at the southern end, and is richly decorated in a blue and rose Art Deco scheme. The walls are rendered masonry with plaster decoration, and the floor is hardwood. The structural bays of the walls are enriched with stepped pilasters and plaster relief panels with geometrical patterns incorporating the letter G. The bays alternately contain timber double doors with decorated steel grilles above, and windows with steel grilles decorated with fountain motifs; these grilles have been partially closed in with rollershutters and timber sheeting, but still provide cross ventilation. Large crystalline stained glass light fittings are located between the openings, and either side of the stage, and a single larger crystalline fitting is centrally placed on the ceiling. The ceiling is sheeted with a gridded pattern in relief and has arrow-head shaped vents. The sheeting at the edge slopes at forty-five degrees, and is finished with a cornice with diamond motifs. The proscenium frames the stage with a gently stepped recess decorated with plaster reliefs moulded into stripes and scrolls. The stage area is flanked by small storage and dressing areas, and the timber roof structure above is exposed. The Art Deco scheme of this interior is both impressive and intact.</p><br>
<p>The Goondiwindi Civic Centre is a mixed-use Art Deco public building. The intact Art Deco facade is an accomplished design in its skilful expression of the building&#39;s mix of uses, makes an important picturesque contribution to the streetscape, and has a landmark element.</p><br>
<p>In December 2015, the centre was reopened after a $5M redevelopment and renamed the Goondiwindi Regional Civic Centre.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Goondiwindi Civic Centre was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 9 July 1993 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Goondiwindi Civic Centre is important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland&#39;s history, in particular the construction of civic buildings for local government purposes during the 1930s.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>It is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of the Art Deco style, and exhibits particular aesthetic characteristics valued by the community: the Art Deco facade is an accomplished design in its skilful articulation of the different functions of and entrances to the building, and makes an important picturesque contribution to the streetscape; the clocktower is a local landmark; and the Art Deco auditorium interior is impressive, containing fine decorative detailing.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong association with the civic work of Brisbane architects GF Addison and HS MacDonald.</p><br>
<p>Annan River Bridge is a heritage-listed road bridge over the Annan River at Development Road, Cooktown, Shire of Cook, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by John Henry Daniells and built from 1886 to 1889 by George Herbert Royce & Co. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Annan River Bridge was designed by John Henry Daniells, Engineer for Bridges (1884-1889), and constructed between 1886-1889, and was important in servicing the developing industry in the Rossville and Bloomfield areas. Following the establishment of the overland route to Cairns, the importance of the Annan River Bridge decreased. Construction of the Annan River Bridge was a controversial and prolonged project mainly due to misinformation, remoteness and challenging conditions. It became necessary to modify the bridge when it was discovered that the site proved unsuitable for a screw piling technique.</p><br>
<p>Cooktown was founded in October 1873 as the Endeavour River port for the Palmer River goldfields, and within six months had 20 restaurants, 12 large and 20 smaller stores, 6 butchers, 5 bakers, 3 tinsmiths, and chemists, fancygoods shops, watchmakers, bootmakers and saddlers; 65 publican&#39;s licenses had been issued for the Cooktown-Palmer River district, with 30 more applied for by April 1874. Two Cooktown newspapers were established in 1874, and the town was declared a municipality on 5 April 1876. The 1880s saw a number of infrastructure developments in the district such as the Cooktown to Laura railway built in 1884-88. Road developments were also required to upgrade the local roads between the Palmer River goldfields, the Annan River tin mines and the wharves at Cooktown.</p><br>
<p>Construction of the bridge appears to have been first discussed in 1883. In December 1883 the Daintree Divisional Board requested that the new Griffith ministry comply with the decision of the previous McIlwraith government to fund the construction of a bridge over the Annan River south of Cooktown. While urgently required, the project was beyond the resources of the local authority:"As for the necessity of this Bridge, little need be said, it would afford a safe crossing at all times over a tidal River which at present is only fordable at dead low water once or twice a day according to the tides, and then it is both difficult and dangerous..."In April 1884, the Daintree Divisional Board upgraded their initial estimate of £4000 to £5000 after flooding had made it evident that many additional piles and supports must be used to render the structure permanent. A telegram from Public Works on 16 April 1884 informed the Daintree Divisional Board that a departmental officer would be sent to take levels and prepare designs prior to any tenders being called.</p><br>
<p>By early January 1885, Daniells had inspected potential bridge sites on the Annan River. Daniells recommended the site known as the "Old Crossing", saying it offered good holding for piers, being affordable at low water. Engineering drawings were drafted and on 30 May through to June 1885, the Government Gazette and local newspapers advertised the tender notice for the supply and erection of an iron bridge over the Annan River near Cooktown.</p><br>
<p>GH Royce and Co, Sydney and London, were contracted to build the bridge which was officially opened on 13 February 1889. GH Royce and Co were awarded two separate contracts. The first contract, for which Royce tendered £8201 was to provide all wrought and cast iron, steel and gunmetal for the piers and superstructure of an iron bridge over the Annan River and "to deliver the whole, complete, free on the Wharf at Cooktown". The second contract for which Royce tendered £10213 was for the construction of the bridge which was to be completed within three months of the receipt of the ironwork. Daniells stated that construction would commence after the wet season and the bridge was expected to be open for traffic on 12 November 1886. The bridgework for the Annan River Bridge was ordered from manufacturers in England. Other ironwork for the project was ordered from W Robertson&#39;s Victoria Foundry in Mackay. All the ironwork was unloaded at Cooktown by 29 July 1886.</p><br>
<p>The project was subject to a variety of delays both prior to and during the construction of the bridge. The most serious delays occurred after the commencement of construction and were mostly due to misinformation received by Daniells regarding the suitability of the site as a location for a bridge of screw-pile construction. After receiving a sample of the strata in September 1886, Daniells responded to site superintendent Mansfield that "such strata is evidently not fit to screw into, other means must be adopted and I sent him instructions to have the screw blades cut off some of the cylinders, the bottoms serrated..." Daniells&#39; alternative method involved sinking sleeve cylinders and excavating the disturbed material by hand. Most of the excavation was undertaken by divers in extremely arduous conditions, including the presence of crocodiles. Daniells stated that it is very difficult to induce men to undertake work at all. Difficulties were also encountered during the North Queensland wet season. Added to this was flood damage to the construction site in early 1888.</p><br>
<p>The completed bridge was finally opened on 13 February 1889. The Cooktown Independent wrote that about 150 Cooktownites joined another hundred people at Mr Ross&#39;s hotel or at the new bridge nearby decorated with a profuse display of British and colonial bunting. An unusual collapsible handrail which could be laid flush with the deck during floods, was originally installed. It appears to have been removed sometime before 1905. The single-wire cable handrail was threaded through swivelling uprights and connected to a windlass.</p><br>
<p>In 1947 the Annan River Bridge was integrated into a proposed road link between Cooktown and Cairns. The first exploratory trip by District Engineer RD Gallop took about four days. Development of the road followed relatively quickly. By 1950 the Mulligan Highway had been gazetted and progressive upgrading has continued. Bridges were required at several major rivers including the East Normanby (1951), McLeod River (1952), the "Little Annan" (1956) and the Palmer River (1970). The "Big Annan" crossing utilised the original plate and girder-bridge completed in 1889.</p><br>
<h3>Maintenance</h3><br>
<p>Maintenance work to the bridge has been carried out on numerous occasions. In 1962 an investigation of the bridge was undertaken and a specification for major repairs was produced. Work included removal of concrete headstock encasement where necessary, replacement of bolts joining headstocks to piles, replacement of corroded bolts and nuts to pile sections above low water mark and the installation of new wales, braces and bolts.</p><br>
<p>In 1969 further assessment of the Annan River Bridge was undertaken. A report was produced the following year which recommended "extensive treatment" being carried out. The piles were also considered to be a major concern. The bridge was thought to be in good condition above water line, however, below water line was not so good. It was noted in the report that existing girders required immediate cleaning and painting. The need for a new bridge "adjacent to the existing structure" was also recognised.</p><br>
<h3>Replacement</h3><br>
<p>A new bridge was built parallel and west of the original bridge.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<h3>Superstructure</h3><br>
<p>The Annan River Bridge is 275m long with 18 metal box girder spans each 15.3m long. The two end spans are 12.4m long, having been reduced in the 1970s. Each span incorporates five wrought iron plate girders, 0.76m deep, spaced at 1.52m intervals. Originally 5.6m wide, the bridge is now 6.1m wide and in recent years was fitted with timber kerbs 3.7 metres apart and vehicle running strips each 940mm wide and 610 mm apart to accommodate single lane traffic.</p><br>
<p>The three inner girders are conventional being 0.76m deep and built up of a web plate, four angles and top and bottom cover plates. The outer girders are less conventional, with the angles n one side of the web left off to provide a flush face. The 5/16 inch (a standard recommendation in the early twentieth century) web plates are fastened with 8 rivets to the 100 x 75 x 9.5 mm vertical angles. The horizontal angles are 100 x 75 x 16 mm and secured with an additional 13 or 14 rivets per web plate. Corners are bolted through with 28 mm bolts.</p><br>
<h3>Substructure</h3><br>
<p>The original headstocks, now encased in concrete, are 610mm deep wrought iron girders of similar construction to the deck girders. Cast iron piles 2.4m and 1.2m sections and bolted through either internal or external flanges are used to support the headstocks. The piles are 610mm in diameter with 25mm thick wall. Attempts have been made, unsuccessfully, to fill the piles with concrete.</p><br>
<p>Originally Wales (horizontal braces) and diagonal braces were installed on the piers. These braces have been replaced by a pair of 150 x 75 mm rolled steel channels acting as the wale brace and a single diagonal consisting of a pair of 100 x 12 mm plates.</p><br>
<p>Rakers were installed on the outer face of each pile. Manufactured from 125mm wrought iron, they are secured to the wrought iron "helmet" at the end of the headstocks. Several are detached due to corrosion while others show extensive loss of material at the inter-tidal zone.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Annan River Bridge was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Construction of the Annan River Bridge in 1886-89 was a major element in the development of the Cooktown hinterland. Prior to the construction of the bridge major difficulties occurred in accessing the tin fields around Rossville and agricultural developments around Bloomfield district, key areas in the development of northern Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The Annan River Bridge is a rare example of a plate girder and screw pile bridge. It is also an uncommon example of a low-level bridge. Low-level bridges are being progressively replaced with those at much higher levels in order to avoid road closures during floods. The Annan River Bridge is one of the last remaining bridges of its type in Australia. At 275 metres in length, it is also one of the longest structures of its type.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Annan River Bridge is significant for its potential to yield further information about modifications to screw piles to allow for sleeve-sinking construction. The structure, particularly that part of the bridge which is underwater, may contribute to increasing knowledge of a major, controversial engineering project of the late nineteenth century.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Annan River Bridge is characteristic of other plate girder bridges consisting of a vertical web plate. Riveted horizontal pairs of angles form flanges to which are attached vertical angles which transmit the load to supports.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>With its flat deck, sheer length and low profile the Annan River Bridge exhibits distinctive aesthetic qualities.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.</p><br>
<p>Innovative redesign was found to be necessary when it was discovered that the site was unsuitable for a bridge of screw-pile construction. Adaptations over an extended period of construction had to be made to allow for sleeve sinking facilities.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The Annan River Bridge continues to be a popular recreational fishing spot for both locals and tourists in the area.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Annan River Bridge is significant for its association with JH Daniells, Queensland Engineer for Bridges, 1884-1889.</p><br>
<p>Yount&#39;s Woolen Mill and Boarding House is a historic woolen mill and boarding house located in Ripley Township, Montgomery County, Indiana. The boarding house was built in 1851, and is a two-story, "L"-shaped, Late Federal style brick building. It has a gable-on-hip roof and two-story porch on the rear side. The mill was built in 1864, and is a 2 1/2-story brick building on a raised basement with Greek Revival style design elements. Also on the property are the remains of an 1849 frame mill, an 1867 brick building, dam and mill race. The Yount Mill was contracted by the USA Government to manufacture Army uniforms during both the American Civil War and Spanish–American War.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>Crawfordsville Commercial Historic District is a national historic district located at Crawfordsville, Montgomery County, Indiana. The district encompasses 105 contributing buildings, 1 contributing structure, and 1 contributing object in the central business district of Crawfordsville. It developed between about 1836 and 1940, and includes notable examples of Italianate, Classical Revival, and Bungalow/American Craftsman style architecture. Located in the district are the separately listed Montgomery County Jail and Sheriff&#39;s Residence and Otto Schlemmer Building. Other notable buildings are the Montgomery County Courthouse , Ben Hur Life Building , Hanna-Graham Building, Elston Bank Building , Masonic Temple , Carnegie Library , Commerce Building , Municipal Building , Indiana National Guard Armory , and USA Post Office .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>Elston Grove Historic District is a national historic district located at Crawfordsville, Montgomery County, Indiana. The district encompasses 138 contributing buildings and 8 contributing structures in a predominantly residential section of Crawfordsville. It developed between about 1835 and 1935, and includes notable examples of Italianate, Queen Anne, and Colonial Revival style architecture. Located in the district are the separately listed Col. Isaac C. Elston House, Henry S. Lane House, and Gen. Lew Wallace Study. Other notable buildings include the Galey House , Campbell House , T.S. Scott House , Powers House , Blair House , Hadley and Hornaday Houses , Alfrey House , Detchon House , Ashley House , Snyder House , and Voris House .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>Woodhull Lake is a 135-acre all-sports lake located in central Oakland County, Michigan. The lake has a maximum depth of 56 feet. It is located in both Waterford Township and Independence Township.</p><br>
<p>Woodhull Lake is located on the upper reaches of the Clinton River watershed. The Clinton</p><br>
<p>River enters Woodhull Lake on the west end and exits on the north end. Approximately three-quarters of a mile upstream is the dam for Van Norman Lake, the next lake upstream. The Clinton River between these two lakes is wide with slow flow. Also upstream is the 26-acre Townsend Lake.</p><br>
<p>Downstream from Woodhull Lake, it is connected to Lake Oakland. There is a dam on Lake Oakland and both Lake Oakland and Woodhull Lake have a legal established lake level elevation of 957.43.</p><br>
<p>On the southeast side of Woodhull Lake, there is a connection to Eagle Lake (Waterford Township, Michigan)Eagle</p><br>
<p>Lake, a small, 19-acre, 20-feet deep lake which flows into Woodhull Lake.</p><br>
<h2>Namesake</h2><br>
<p>Woodhull Lake was named for John Chatfield Hedges Woodhull (1804-1877) who, along with his wife Rachel Woodhull (1808-1872), owned much of the northern property in section 35 of Independence Township on the lake that would bear their family name.</p><br>
<h2>Fish</h2><br>
<p>Woodhull Lake fish included Bluegill, Pumpkinseed, Northern Pike, Rock Bass, Black Crappie, Largemouth Bass, Brown Bullhead, Bowfin and Carp.</p><br>
<p>Martinsville Commercial Historic District is a national historic district located at Martinsville, Morgan County, Indiana. The district encompasses 75 contributing buildings and 1 contributing object in the central business district of Martinsville. It developed between about 1847 and 1947, and includes notable examples of Italianate, Classical Revival, and Tudor Revival style architecture. Located in the district are the separately listed Morgan County Courthouse and Blackstone House and Martinsville Telephone Company Building. Other notable buildings are the Martinsville Public Library , Martinsville City Hall , Martinsville Post Office , Pitkin Building , Barskins Department Store , Indiana Theater , Stevens House / Building , Hale Building , Interurban Station , Union Block , and First Christian Church  and Annex .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>Mooresville Commercial Historic District is a national historic district located at Mooresville, Morgan County, Indiana. The district encompasses 35 contributing buildings and 1 contributing object in the central business district of Mooresville. It developed between about 1872 and 1952, and includes notable examples of Italianate, Gothic Revival, Classical Revival, Commercial Style, and Bungalow/American Craftsman style architecture. Notable buildings include the Farmer&#39;s State Bank, Nelson and Son Hardware, Mooresville Carnegie Library , Carlisle and Gilbert Building , Pure Oil Service Station, A.H. Scruggs Building, Mooresville Municipal Building, and Mooresville Methodist Episcopal Church complex.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<p>Morgantown Historic District is a national historic district located at Morgantown, Morgan County, Indiana. The district encompasses 34 contributing buildings in the central business district and surrounding residential sections of Morgantown. It developed between about 1840 and 1956, and includes notable examples of Greek Revival, Italianate, Late Gothic Revival, Queen Anne, and Bungalow/American Craftsman style architecture. Notable buildings include the Farmers Cooperative Store / Blanche Crawford Building, First National Bank , Obenshain Hotel , Morgantown Town Hall , Griffitt-Murphy House and Livery Bank , Parkhurst House , Redmans Lodge , Wisby Hotel , Telephone Exchange , and Morgantown Methodist Episcopal Church complex .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<p>Martinsville Northside Historic District is a national historic district located at Martinsville, Morgan County, Indiana. The district encompasses 96 contributing buildings and 11 contributing structures in a predominantly residential section of Martinsville. It developed between about 1850 and 1935, and includes notable examples of Queen Anne and Bungalow/American Craftsman style architecture. Notable buildings include the Brown-Haworth House , William R. Harrison House / Bates House , St. Martin of Tours Roman Catholic Church , Elliott House , Kriner House , and Schofield-Maxwell House . The formerly listed Hite-Finney House was located in the district.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<p>Blackstone House and Martinsville Telephone Company Building, also known as Cure and Hensley Mortuary, consists of two historic buildings located at Martinsville, Morgan County, Indiana. The buildings were connected in the early 1960s. The house was built in 1860, and is a two-story, Gothic Revival style brick building with a steep cross-gable roof. A Queen Anne style wraparound porch with corner turret was added in 1890. The Martinsville Telephone Company Building was built in 1927, and is a one-story, flat roofed, Tudor Revival style "oriental brick" and limestone building. It features a crenellated parapet. It housed a telephone exchange until 1957.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997. It is located in the Martinsville Commercial Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The Godfrey Ludwig House is a historic house on Maine State Route 32 in Waldoboro, Maine. Built about 1800, it is a well-preserved brick Cape house, built by a descendant of one of the area&#39;s German immigrants. It is notable for features enabling its use as a church. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Godfrey Ludwig House stands on the west side of SR 32 in northern Waldoboro, roughly midway between the town center and that of neighboring Jefferson. The house is a 1-1/2 story brick Cape style house, with a side gable roof, end chimneys, and a granite foundation. The brick walls are painted white. Its street-facing front facade is five bays wide, with a center entrance flanked by recessed sidelight windows. A wood frame ell with cross-gable roof extends from the rear of the main block. The interior of the house follows a center hall plan. The halls side walls are fitted with special hinged panel sections, making it possible to create a single large chamber out of the hall and the flanking parlors.</p><br>
<p>The house was built about 1800 by Godfrey Ludwig, the nephew of, and heir to, Joseph Ludwig, the first German immigrant from the population that settled Waldoboro to win election to the colonial legislature. Godfrey Ludwig was not as prominent as his uncle, but he was a devout Methodist, and his house became a stop on a circuit traveled by Methodist ministers. About 1820, the interior was modified so that it could accommodate the religious services of these ministers.</p><br>
<p>The Kresge Block is a historic commercial building at 241-249 Water Street in downtown Augusta, Maine. Built in 1932 to house a department store, it is a distinctive and rare local example of commercial Moderne architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Kresge Block is located on the east side of Water Street, Augustas principal commercial thoroughfare, a bit south of the center of the block between Bridge and Front Streets. It is a two story masonry structure, built out of brick and granite. The ground floor has two storefronts with a building entrance at the far left, sheltered by a decorative bronze hood. The lower half of the ground floor has polished granite below the glass display windows, and rising partway up the outer edge of the facade. The windows are framed by bronze trim, which also surrounds the store label above an awning sheltering the storefronts. The sign reads "Stacys" using Art Deco styling. The second floor has paired sash windows, each with individual awnings, but shared stone sills and brick headers topped by a stone sill. The window pairs are separated by stylized pilasters. A parapet with a multicolor crosshatch brick pattern extends across the building above the second floor.</p><br>
<p>The block was built in 1932, replacing an Italianate building that was a virtual replica of its neighbors. It originally housed S.S. Kresges, a department store, on the ground floor, with professional offices on the second floor. Since its construction, it has been one of downtown Augustas most architecturally unusual buildings.</p><br>
<p>Bradford Estate, also known as Bradford Woods, is a historic estate and national historic district located in Clay Township, Morgan County, Indiana. The original house was built about 1850, and is a one-story, double pen vernacular frame dwelling. It features a full-width shed porch. The Campbell House is a 1 1/2-story frame dwelling sheathed in red brick in 1920. It was moved to its present site in 1912 with the building of the manor house. The manor house was built in 1912, and is a 2 1/2-story, Prairie School style brick dwelling. It features a hip roofed porch supported by two piers. Also on the property are the contributing spring house  and carriage house .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>Tokkekøb Hegn is a forest located north of Blovstrød and east of Lillerød in Allerød Municipality, North Zealand, some 20 km north of central Copenhagen, Denmark.It adjoins Store Dyrehave to the north, although an open landscape surrounding the village of Kirkelte partly separates the two forests. To the south it adjoins the Høvelte-Sandholm military trainings grounds.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The forest was from 1391 owned by the crown as part of Hørsholm Manor. Donse Krudtværk, a water-powered gunpowder mill, was built in 1704. A brickyard opened in 1879. In 1771, ownership of the forest was ceded to the state.</p><br>
<p>Most of the forest disappeared in the beginning of the 1800s. In 1992, a large explosion killed several people. It closed in 1910.</p><br>
<h2>Historic features</h2><br>
<p>Dæmpegård is a half-timbered, thatched houselocated next to an open area, Dæmpegårdssletten, which takes its name after it.</p><br>
<p>Tokkekøb is known for its many dolmens from the Bronze Age. Dæmpegårdsdyssen is located on Dampegårdssletten and dates from 4000 BC. It is 38 metres long and 9 metres wide and has two burial chambers. King Frederick VII participated in its excavation and it is therefore also known as Kongedyssen. His monogram his carved in one of the stones. Other dolmens are located at Hjortemose, Avlskarlevold and Linjevej.</p><br>
<h2>Activities</h2><br>
<p>A 9 kilometre mountainbike route was inaugurated in 2010. It is part of a 23 kilometre single-track route, Kongeruten, whouse remaining portion is located in Store Dyrehave. Fishing is permitted in Lergraven.</p><br>
<p>The Okoboji Bridge is located southwest of Milford, Iowa, United States. The 83 ft span carried traffic on 180th Avenue over a branch of the Little Sioux River. The Dickinson County Board of Supervisors hired a local contractor to build a bridge across the straits between East and West Okoboji Lakes in 1859. The wooden structures had to be rebuilt in 1874-1875. There was a desire for a drawbridge at this point to allow for steamboats to navigate between the lakes. Three different swing spans were built at this location in the 19th century. When the third span deteriorated the board of supervisors contracted with the Clinton Bridge and Iron Works of Clinton, Iowa to build a permanent span here in June 1909. The Pratt/Warren pony truss structure was completed later that year for $1,550. The bridge and the road were incorporated into the USA Highway System, and it was placed under the aegis of the Iowa State Highway</p><br>
<p>Commission. In 1929 it was replaced with a fixed-span concrete girder structure. At that time the 1909 truss span was moved to Okoboji Township to span a branch of the Little Sioux River. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>Afontova Gora is a Late Upper Paleolithic Siberian complex of archaeological sites located on the left bank of the Yenisei River near the city of Krasnoyarsk, Russia. Afontova Gora has cultural and genetic links to the people from Malta-Buret. The complex was first excavated in 1884 by I. T. Savenkov.</p><br>
<p>Afontova Gora is a complex, consisting of multiple stratigraphic layers, of five or more campsites. The campsites shows evidence of mammoth hunting and were likely the result of an eastward expansion of mammoth hunters. The human fossils discovered at Afontova Gora were stored in the Hermitage Museum.</p><br>
<h2>Sites</h2><br>
<p>Afontova Gora II is the site where the human fossil remains were found. The site was first excavated in 1912-1914 by V.I. Gromov. In 1924, G.P. Sosnovsky, N.K. Auerbach, and V.I. Gromov discovered the first human fossils at the site. The remains of mammoth, Arctic fox, Arctic hare, reindeer, bison, and horse were discovered at the site.</p><br>
<p>Afontova Gora II consists of 7 layers. Layer 3 from Afontova Gora II is the most significant: the layer produced the largest amount of cultural artefacts and is the layer where the human fossil remains were discovered. Over 20,000 artefacts were discovered at layer 3: this layer produced over 450 tools and over 250 osseous artefacts (bone, antler, ivory). The fossils of two distinct individuals were discovered in the initial excavations: the upper premolar of a 11-15 year-old child and the left radius, ulna, humerus, phalanx, and frontal bone of an adult.</p><br>
<p>Afontova Gora III is the site where the initial excavation was undertaken by I. T. Savenkov in 1884. The site was disturbed by mining activities in the late 1880s. The site consists of 3 layers.</p><br>
<p>Afontova Gora V was discovered in 1996. The remains of hare, pika, cave lion, horse, reindeer, bison, and partridge were discovered at the site.</p><br>
<h2>Human remains</h2><br>
<p>The bodies of two individuals, known as Afontova Gora 2 (AG-2) and Afontova Gora 3 (AG-3) were discovered within the complex. (The name Afontova Gora 1 refers to the remains of a canid.)</p><br>
<h3>Afontova Gora 2</h3><br>
<p>The human fossil remains of Afontova Gora 2 were discovered in the 1920s at Afontova Gora II and stored at the Hermitage Museum. The remains are dated to around 17,000 BP (16,930-16,490 BP).</p><br>
<p>In 2009, researchers visited the Hermitage Museum and extracted DNA from the humerus of Afontova Gora 2. Despite significant contamination, researchers succeeded in extracting low coverage genomes. DNA analysis confirmed that the individual was male.</p><br>
<p>The individual showed close genetic affinities to Malta 1 (Malta boy). Afontova Gora 2 also showed more genetic affinity for the Karitiana people versus Han Chinese. Around 1.9-2.7% of the genome was Neanderthal in origin.</p><br>
<p>According to some sources, AG-2 belongs to a now-rare Y-DNA haplogroup, Q1a1 (also known as Q-F746 and Q-NWT01).</p><br>
<h3>Afontova Gora 3</h3><br>
<p>In 2014, more human fossil remains were discovered at Afontova Gora II during salvage excavation before the construction of a new bridge over the Yenesei River. The remains belonged to two different females: the atlas of an adult female and the mandible and five lower teeth of a young girl (Afontova Gora 3) estimated to be around 14–15 years old. Initially, the new findings were presumed to be roughly contemporaneous with Afontova Gora 2. In 2017, direct AMS dating revealed that Afontova Gora 3 is dated to around 16,130-15,749 BC (14,710±60 BP).</p><br>
<p>The mandible of Afontova Gora 3 was described as being gracile.</p><br>
<p>Researchers analyzing the dental morphology of Afontova Gora 3 concluded that the teeth showed distinct characteristics with most similarities to another fossil (the Listvenka child) from the Altai-Sayan region and were not western nor eastern. Afontova Gora 3 and Listvenka showed distinct dental characteristics that were also different from other Siberian fossils, including those from Mal&#39;ta.</p><br>
<p>DNA was extracted from one of the teeth of Afontova Gora 3 and analyzed. Compared to Afontova Gora 2, researchers were able to obtain higher coverage genomes from Afontova Gora 3. DNA analysis confirmed that the individual was female. mtDNA analysis revealed that Afontova Gora 3 belonged to Haplogroup R1b. Around 2.9-3.7% of the genome was Neanderthal in origin.</p><br>
<p>In a 2016 study, researchers determined that Afontova Gora 2, Afontova Gora 3, and Malta 1 (Malta boy) shared common descent and were clustered together in a Malta cluster. Genetically, Afontova Gora 3 is not closer to Afontova Gora 2 when compared to Malta 1. When compared to Mal&#39;ta 1, the Afontova Gora 3 lineage apparently contributed more to modern humans and are genetically closer to Native Americans.</p><br>
<p>Phenotypic analysis shows that Afontova Gora 3 carries the derived rs12821256 allele associated with blond hair color in Europeans, making Afontova Gora 3 the earliest individual known to carry this derived allele.</p><br>
<p>Coen Carrier Station is a heritage-listed telegraph station at Coleman Close, Coen, Shire of Cook, Queensland, Australia. It was designed and built in 1942 by the Postmaster-General&#39;s Department. It is also known as Coen Telegraph Station and Coen Carrier Repeater Station. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 27 May 1997.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Coen Carrier Station, a prefabricated steel and corrugated iron building, was erected in 1942 as part of an urgent upgrading of the Cape York Peninsula overland telegraph line (established in the 1880s), undertaken in response to Japanese aggression in the Pacific and South East Asia. It was one of four identical carrier stations.</p><br>
<p>Far North Queensland had emerged as the new "frontier" following the discovery of gold on the Palmer River in the early 1870s, and the resultant impetus to prospect further north. Various smaller goldfields were opened at this period. An abortive gold rush at Coen in 1878-80 was re-kindled in 1886, and by 1889 Coen comprised a one-street township of tents and bark huts. The Coen Goldfield was proclaimed in 1892.</p><br>
<p>A telegraph station had been erected at Coen in 1886, when the overland telegraph line from Laura, at the southern end of Cape York Peninsula, to Thursday Island at the northern end, was being constructed. The line, which opened to Thursday Island on 25 August 1887, provided contact between the isolated communities of the peninsula, as well as a link to southern capitals via Cooktown, and played an important role in the development of the region. The expansion of telegraphic communication on the peninsula was also an integral element of Brisbane&#39;s administrative control of Far North Queensland and of communication with British-annexed New Guinea and the Torres Straits from 1885, and was considered important for the defence of Queensland in the late 19th century.</p><br>
<p>From the late 1930s, with the impending threat of war with Japan in the Pacific, telecommunications once again were identified as an important element of national defence. Even before Australia&#39;s declaration of war on Japan on 9 December 1941, (following simultaneous attacks by the Japanese on Hawaii, Hong Kong and Malaya), there was urgent interest in upgrading defence facilities on Cape York Peninsula. The two priorities were serviceable airfields and adequate communications. By July 1941 a new airfield about 35 km north of Coen, and a new runway at Iron Range (near Lockhart River), had been completed, yet at this period the Coen Telegraph Station had only morse facilities and a 6-line pyramid switchboard (local telephone only).</p><br>
<p>The bombing of Darwin and Townsville by the Japanese in March and July 1942 respectively, and the arrival of American troops in north Queensland from March 1942, hastened the plans to deliver improved telecommunications to the Peninsula. Australia became the centre of communications in the South Pacific. Following the Coral Sea and Midway campaigns in May 1942, and the shifting of the war north to New Guinea, it was clear that north Queensland and Cape York Peninsula would play a crucial role in the offensive against Japan. Adequate telecommunications were essential to link the airfields of far north Queensland and the fighting fronts in New Guinea and beyond, with the command centres in Townsville, Brisbane and the southern capitals.</p><br>
<p>The wartime upgrading of telecommunications from Townsville to Thursday Island was a dedicated defence facility, but was linked directly to the 1880s overland telegraph. An R Type Carrier System, developed in Australia during World War II to cater for pockets of telecommunications traffic congestion, particularly in places where a telephone carrier was not available to supply a channel for a voice frequency system, was installed along the old overland telegraph route from Mount Surprise to Cape York. The R Type system was limited to four duo-directional channels using a frequency between 3300 and 5220 cycles per second, which was above normal voice frequency but below the range of other established carrier systems, which used high frequency bands. There was no interference when both normal speech frequency and the carrier frequency operated over the same pair of copper wires. In effect, one pair of copper wires from Townsville to Thursday Island was to carry 3 facilities: normal voice frequency telephone, upgraded telegraph carrier, and a telephone carrier.</p><br>
<p>Cape York Peninsula&#39;s R Type Carrier System necessitated the installation of:</p><br>
<p>a pair of copper wires strung on the existing pole route between Townsville and Cape York, with loops into Cooktown and Iron Range (total 1036 miles)</p><br>
<p>a three channel carrier system (telephone) with terminals at Townsville and Cape York and repeaters at Charters Towers, Mount Surprise, Fairview and Coen</p><br>
<p>a four channel telegraph system with terminals at Townsville and Cape York</p><br>
<p>voice frequency repeaters at Charters Towers, Mt Surprise, Fairview, Coen and Cape York</p><br>
<p>submarine cable from Cape York to Horn Island and from Horn Island to Thursday Island</p><br>
<p>power equipment, including diesel generators and batteries, at Mt Surprise, Fairview, Coen and Cape York</p><br>
<p>buildings (carrier stations) at Mount Surprise, Fairview, Coen and Cape York to accommodate equipment.</p><br>
<p>The work of upgrading telecommunications on Cape York Peninsula commenced in August 1942, and was a major undertaking. The US Army Signal Corps provided 1200 men, the Australian Army Signals made 600 men available, and the Postmaster-General&#39;s Department (PMG) provided 60 supervisors. Australian Army Engineers under the supervision of the PMG were responsible for that part of the line northwards from the Hann River, including the upgrading of facilities at Coen and the construction of the new loop line from Coen to Iron Range, a massive job. Progress was rapid, and the whole of the line work was completed by 23 November 1942.</p><br>
<p>At Coen, a carrier station was erected adjacent to the 1886 telegraph station and connected to it. Like the buildings erected at Mount Surprise, Fairview and Cape York, the Coen Carrier Station was of pre-fabricated steel frame construction, with outer walls of corrugated iron, concrete floors, and fibrous cement roofing. They were partitioned internally with fibrous-cement sheeting to provide equipment, power and battery rooms, and living accommodation for two or three maintenance staff. It is thought that these buildings were designed and pre-fabricated in one of the PMG&#39;s workshops in Melbourne, Adelaide or Sydney.</p><br>
<p>Due to the impossibility of obtaining carrier telegraph equipment from overseas during the war years, the PMG&#39;s Melbourne workshops manufactured and assembled a prototype four-channel VF telegraph (Type R), which was in design early in 1942, and intended principally for use by the Army Signals Corps in forward areas and for combat use in New Guinea and the Pacific. This was the equipment installed between October and December 1942 at the Cape York Peninsula carrier stations. The buildings were far from complete during installation. All telecommunications channels between Townsville and Cape York were in service on 9 December 1942, but the Coen Carrier Station was not completed until Boxing Day. A PMG officer and two Army signals personnel staffed each of the carrier stations, with the PMG officers in charge.</p><br>
<p>The improved telecommunications on Cape York Peninsula played a vital role in defeating Japanese aggression. In 1945, following the cessation of hostilities, control of the telecommunications facilities reverted to the Postmaster-General&#39;s Department. The circuits were now available for public use, permitting for the first time telephone trunk calls from Cape York Peninsula to the rest of Australia. In the mid-1950s, improvements in the system enabled the telephone exchange in Coen to be removed to a building in the main street of the town, although working equipment remained in the 1886 Telegraph Station and in the Carrier Station. By the second half of the 1960s, the 1886 Telegraph Station in Coen had become redundant and it was removed to Rokeby Pastoral Station and re-used as a house. It has since been destroyed.</p><br>
<p>In 1982 a broadband radio system was in service as far as Coen, at which time the open-wire route to the south was abandoned as a trunk route, and the installation of an automatic exchange at Coen was made possible. Broadband was extended to Thursday Island in 1987, at which time the open-wire line north of Coen was abandoned.</p><br>
<p>Throughout this era of improvement, Coen Carrier Station was used chiefly to house telephone equipment. During the installation of the broadband system, it served as living quarters for PMG workers. Following completion of the broadband system, the building was used to accommodate Telecom service personnel working in the region; but has been unoccupied since 1990. The site is now located within a Ranger Station operated by the Department of Environment.</p><br>
<p>Of the four carrier stations erected on Cape York Peninsula in 1942, the Coen Carrier Station is the most intact. Fairview Carrier Station was closed in 1949 and, although still in situ, is now an outstation of Olive Vale Station. In 1958 the Mount Surprise to Coen system was re-routed from Cooktown to Coen and the original line from Mount Surprise to Fairview via Palmerville was abandoned as a trunk route in 1963. The Cape York Carrier Station was closed in 1960.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Coen Carrier Station is located on a gently sloping site, approximately 45 x 50 m, to the north side of Coen at the junction of the Coen River and Lankelly Creek. It is adjacent to the site of the original Telegraph Station. The Carrier Station building is essentially rectangular in form, set on a concrete slab. The framing of the building is a combination of timber and steel. The base plates are timber while all the vertical members are steel. Timber frames house the windows and doors. The timber is generally in sound condition throughout the building, although termite damage is evident in some locations. The exterior walls are 1-inch ripple iron that is screwed to the steel frame. The interior fibrous cement sheet walls are also screwed to the steel frame. The joints are covered with wide timber cover-strips which are nailed to the base plates and the occasional timber members. The original windows are timber framed, and located on the west elevation. Louvres have been installed on the southern elevation.</p><br>
<p>The original part of the building consists of three rooms; an equipment room, power room and battery room. Two rooms of equal size and shape are located at the southern end of the building with the third across the whole of the northern end. No original telegraph equipment remains in the building. Attached to the eastern side is a glazed verandah running the full length of the building that is clad in ripple iron up to the height of the sill. The internal rear wall of the verandah is clad in 1-inch ripple iron. At the southern end of the verandah there is a kitchen annexe. This projects slightly and is clad in standard 3-inch corrugated iron.</p><br>
<p>A laundry and bathroom are attached at the northern end of the building and have been constructed on a concrete slab, higher than the level of the main floor. The structure is timber framed, clad both internally and externally in fibrous cement sheeting. It has a skillion roof and louvred windows. There is a path leading north-west out from the laundry. At the north and south ends of the building, the original fixtures for the telegraph and electric wires are still visible.</p><br>
<p>The ceiling framing, like the walls, is a mixture of timber and iron. The rafters and king-posts are iron, while the battens are timber. The gable roof is clad with 3-inch corrugated fibrous cement nailed to battens. The roof eaves are supported on timber and steel brackets. A corrugated iron awning over the eastern verandah is attached to the main roof and is supported on timber brackets. A large ventilator runs along the ridge of the roof and small circular one set into the roof is located near the north-west corner.</p><br>
<p>The remains of three water tanks are located at the north-east, south- east and sout-west corners of the building. A Colorbond steel shed with a flat roof has recently been erected at the north-west corner of the site.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Coen Carrier Station was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 27 May 1997 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Coen Carrier Station is significant for the important role it played as part of the defence and communications network of Cape York Peninsula, which was crucial to Australia during World War II. The place includes the site of the adjacent 1886 Telegraph Office (demolished), and illustrates the continued association of Coen with telecommunications on Cape York Peninsula for well over a century, providing contact between isolated communities on the peninsula and with southern capitals and beyond.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The building, constructed in 1942, is rare as one of Queenslands few remaining carrier station buildings designed and prefabricated in Australia by the Postmaster-Generals workshops during World War II, and installed under difficult circumstances.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.</p><br>
<p>The former Coen Carrier Station is significant as a development of new technology.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The station has a special association with the work of the Postmaster-General&#39;s Department in developing new technology in Australia during World War II, and with the important work of the Australian Army Signals Corps, who installed the Cape York Peninsula line and carrier equipment in 1942 and staffed the building during the war.</p><br>
<p>Wenlock Goldfield is a heritage-listed mine in Archer River, Shire of Cook, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1892 to 1950s. It is also known as Batavia Goldfield and Lower Camp . It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 3 March 2006.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Wenlock Goldfield (formerly Batavia Goldfield) and the settlement of Lower Camp are situated along the eastern bank of the Wenlock River on Cape York Peninsula, about 100 km north of Coen. The Batavia Goldfield was proclaimed in 1892, following discovery of gold at Retreat Creek (a tributary of the Wenlock). In subsequent years camps known as Bairdsville, Top Camp (Plutoville), and Lower Camp (Wenlock) were established and supplied from Coen. The settlement of Lower Camp was formed after Kitty Pluto discovered gold there in 1915. It became the main township on the Batavia Goldfield in the 1930s and was officially named Wenlock in 1938. It is around this time also, that the Batavia Goldfield became known as the Wenlock Goldfield.</p><br>
<p>Alluvial gold had been discovered on the Cape York Peninsula as early as 1876, on the Coen River, after attention was drawn to the region by the Palmer goldfield. A small rush ensued in 1878. Although this soon dissipated, by the late 1880s a small township had been formed at Coen. In 1892 the Coen Goldfield was proclaimed officially and reefing work commenced. Although production totals paled in comparison with fields such as the Palmer, within the next few years the erection of batteries and a cyanide works at Coen gave the northern Peninsula a permanent base for prospecting expeditions. Gold was found on the Starcke River in 1890, at Batavia (Wenlock) in 1892, Ebagoola in 1899 and Potallah in 1902.</p><br>
<p>Following William Baird&#39;s discovery of gold at Retreat Creek in 1892, a 13 km area around the camp of Bairdsville was proclaimed as the Batavia Goldfield. Output for 1892–1893 was an estimated 2,000 ounces of alluvial gold worth £4 per ounce. Miners continued prospecting the area. In 1906 gold was discovered at the Tunnel, 2 km northeast of Lower Camp. The discovery of gold at Plutoville (Top Camp) by an Aborigine named Pluto in 1910 was suppressed, to allow Coen and Ebagoola miners first choice of the ground, and a rush did not take place until mid 1911.</p><br>
<p>Despite being so close to the workings at Top Camp (Plutoville), gold was not discovered at Lower Camp until January 1915 when an Aboriginal woman, Kitty Pluto, accidentally discovered a nugget while carting surface wash from Top Camp (Plutoville) to the Wenlock. Both Top Camp and Lower Camp workings are situated on the east bank of the Wenlock River, close to the edge of a low Mesozoic sandstone tableland rising above the workings. However the main centre remained at Plutoville (Top Camp) from 1911 to 1922. Stores owned by Dehn, Armbrust and Shepherd traded at Top Camp.</p><br>
<p>The original shallow alluvial area at Lower Camp covered less than 0.4ha and by 1916 most miners either had returned to Plutoville, prospecting the surrounding countryside, or had left the region altogether. In 1922, a group of miners attempted to locate the main leader&#39;s northern extension beneath the mantle of Mesozoic sediments. After sinking several shafts, they came across an auriferous lead at a depth of 5.4m and at a distance of 20m from a reef, which provided rich specimen stone. From then until the late 1930s, the Lower Camp was in constant production and has officially returned a yield of 35,016 ounces of gold.</p><br>
<p>The most productive area was confined to deeper ground to 25m and contained within the New Year&#39;s Gift, Prohibitionist, Double Chance, Band of Hope, Golden Casket and Hidden Treasure claims, all of which were later converted into general mining leases.</p><br>
<p>The Batavia was the most productive goldfield in Cape York during the economic depression of the early 1930s, with six payable mines. In 1932 it produced 2,793 ounces of recorded gold valued at £9,287, compared to 3,342 ounces valued at £11,114 in 1931. The use of motor lorries greatly assisted operations on the field. Two batteries had been established by the end of 1931 to crush the one-ounce stone. One of these was Forsythes, formerly at Belmore Creek near Croydon, which had been shifted to the Batavia field in November 1931. Peninsula Mines Limited had taken over two leases at the beginning of 1932. Two boarding houses were established at Lower Camp during 1932 with 75 people on the field. A crude-oil engine driven Huntington mill began work in November 1932. Sheppard erected a six head stamp battery driven by suction gas. The Peninsula Mines Limited was using an oil engine driven boring plant. By 1935 the yield was 1,326 ounces of gold (more than the previous year) from the New Years Gift, Golden Casket, Reform, Black Cat, United, Double Chance, Hidden Treasure and Duke leases. By the mid 1930s there was a population of about 160.</p><br>
<p>In 1938 Larsens&#39; Consolidated Pty Ltd who were employing 20 men on the Prohibitionist, Winner, Dole, Tin Hare and Rose leases, moved their battery closer to the Duke and other leases. The battery output was 1,122 ounces of gold from the mines and dumps. Additional drills, a generator and a wilfley table were purchased. Three head of stamps, driven by a diesel engine, were erected at the Golden Casket mine in 1938. A new multi-tubular boiler and five foot Huntington roller mill were installed at the Black Cat Amalgamated Mine in 1939 by Fisher and Sons.</p><br>
<p>In 1942 the Australian Army dismantled and removed smaller, more portable equipment from the mines and mills of the Wenlock Goldfield. This was to prevent the Japanese from utilising the mines should they invade. This episode is one of the few examples of the scorched earth policy implemented on the northern part of Cape York Peninsula when invasion seemed imminent.</p><br>
<p>In 1946, in the wake of World War II, the Golden Gate, Reform, Black Cat Amalgamated, Golden Casket, Wasp and Black and White mines were reopened. Joseph Fisher and Sons constructed a road from Portland Roads to Wenlock, which necessitated seven bridges. Sheds and huts were erected and machinery was installed at the mines. At the Black Cat Amalgamated mine a Marshall portable steam engine, a rock drill sharpener, air compressor, air hoist, Blake steam duplex pump and a Worthington steam duplex pump were installed in the re-equipping of the mines.</p><br>
<p>In 1947 Joseph Fisher and Sons purchased Zamittt&#39;s mines to obtain a complete block. After finishing carting their machinery from Portland Roads harbour they commenced reconditioning the Black Cat Amalgamated mine. The first crushing was put through the battery by June 1947 and 239 ounces of gold valued at £2,264 was obtained by the end of December 1947. A total of 517 tons of stone was crushed in the first year for a total return of 296 ounces, and dewatering was commenced and completed down to below the No.1 level. The main shaft was re- timbered, a new headframe and brace constructed, and a 2,000 gallon tank installed. Also that year the Wasp Syndicate, working on the Edna May Extended and Golden Casket leases, produced 520 tons of stone for a return of 349 ounces of gold.</p><br>
<p>The Wenlock was still the best producing field in Cape York in 1949, although production was far below that of 1948 - 364 ounces compared to 557 ounces. In 1950, 324 ounces of gold were produced from the Black Cat Amalgamated mine, 47 ounces from Edna May and 26 ounces from the Golden Casket. All the mines were flooded in April when the Wenlock River broke its banks. Dewatering was completed by the end of May by obtaining a Mines Department pump. Production declined markedly in 1951 to 203 ounces of gold and there were only the Fishers and one other person mining there. There were only four miners there in 1952 - the Fishers, George Scowan and Fred Taylor. Fisher and Sons put through 51 tons of Black Cat Amalgamated stone for a return of 2.63 fine ounces and another 11 tons from underground yielded 14 ounces of gold; 206 tons of dump yielded 27 ounces of gold. The total production amounted to £526. In 1953 FH Taylor, lessee of the Wasp and Edna May Extended, was carrying out improvements. He hired a Southern Cross diesel engine and pump from the Mines Department preparatory to sluicing the Edna May dump and deepening the Wasp.</p><br>
<p>As noted above production declined after the 1950 floods due to the lack of suitable pumps and many workings were abandoned. William Stanley, the last inhabitant from this earlier period, lived at Wenlock until his death in 1957. Prospectors continued fossicking around the old workings and during 1964–65 the recovery of two tons of handpicked specimen stone yielding 2,787 ounces of gold was reported. In 1986 claim holders used excavators to rework the Top Camp diggings and some coarse nugget gold was recovered before the field was abandoned. All evidence of the early Plutoville settlement and Top Camp workings were lost during this operation.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<h3>Wenlock Goldfield</h3><br>
<p>The place comprises an area of intensive surface workings, mine shafts, mullock dumps, plant and equipment and structural foundations. One partly collapsed headframe of bush timber remains over the Golden Casket shaft. A concrete tank and structural foundations to its north indicate the remains of a tailings treatment area. The three main areas of surviving plant were associated with Fishers Black Cat Amalgamated group of leases, Larsens Consolidated leases, and Larsen&#39;s Deep mine.</p><br>
<p>The remains of the Black Cat group include several caved shafts, a Marshall portable steam engine, a vertical boiler, a colonial boiler and a more recent Southern Cross diesel engine. Larsens Consolidated plant, to the north, is located alongside a large tailings dam site over Tunnel Creek. The area of mill sands extends north for over 200m. The Consolidated plant is centred around a partly intact Huntington mill, which is seated on a heavy concrete base. A suction gas producer is situated alongside. Larsens Deep shaft, to the east, includes several small concrete machinery mounts around a caved shaft and a vertical boiler and winch. Scowan&#39;s workings, comprising an extensive area of surface diggings, extend east from the area.</p><br>
<p>Extensive surface workings also extend south and west of the described area. A recent hut and campsite is located 150m north-west in association with another large area of tailings.</p><br>
<h4>Plant</h4><br>
<p>Surviving plant at the site includes:</p><br>
<p>One-cylinder portable steam engine - Marshall Sons & Co. Gainsborough & London.</p><br>
<p>One-cylinder horizontal suction gas engine - Ruston Proctor & Co Lincoln.</p><br>
<p>Vertical boiler - no brand.</p><br>
<p>Truck chassis with engine - International (engine no. 437DA).</p><br>
<p>Colonial boiler - no brand.</p><br>
<p>Four-cylinder diesel engine - Southern Cross.</p><br>
<p>Huntington mill - Manufactured by Babcock & Wilcox Limited Regent Park N.S.W.</p><br>
<p>Gas producer - Hoskins Ltd Co. Makers.</p><br>
<p>Vertical boiler - no brand.</p><br>
<p>Two-cylinder one drum winch - no brand.</p><br>
<h3>Lower Camp Settlement</h3><br>
<p>The Lower Camp settlement area is centred on the east bank of the Wenlock River, extending from the vicinity of the grave of Thomas Power 200m north of the crossing, for about 1 km northward to the junction of a small creek with the river.</p><br>
<p>The grave of Thomas Power is located on the bank of the Wenlock River and is surrounded by a tube steel rail. It contains a form-cast concrete headstone inscribed - "In Memory of Thos Power Died 10 2 30". Thomas Power reputedly died in a gunfight in 1930.</p><br>
<p>The settlement area, which extends up to 200m east of the riverbank, is profusely covered with large stands of mature mango trees. There is some evidence of campsite surfaces, bottle dumps, fence posts, as well as a large number of 44 gallon drums scattered about the site. A path and garden edging made of upturned beer bottles covering an area of approximately 3m x 6m is visible in close proximity to a number of mango trees and scattering of fibrous cement strips. About 40m north of the beer bottle garden are a series of 6 linear ditch and mound features that run parallel to the riverbank and measure about 13m in length. Each ditch is approximately 1m wide and its associated mound about 1.5m wide. These may provide evidence of a level of self- sustainable agricultural practice or communal vegetable patch that helped support the residents of this isolated mining settlement.</p><br>
<p>One concrete slab or floor surface is evident in the settlement site, which measures approximately 6m x 4m and is associated with a metal scatter, but no structures are apparent. However, housing and roofing materials including corrugated iron sheeting and fibrous cement strips/roof capping are scattered throughout the site. An old truck body can also be seen in the Lower Camp settlement site.</p><br>
<h3>Forsythe's Batavia Battery site</h3><br>
<p>Forsythe&#39;s Batavia Battery site is located on the riverbank at the junction of a small creek, about 1 km north-west of the main Wenlock Lower Camp workings and mill. The site is identifiable by several small concrete engine mounts. No plant or structures remain.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Wenlock Goldfield was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 3 March 2006 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Wenlock Goldfield is significant historically as the most productive goldfield on Cape York Peninsula during the depression years of the early 1930s. Its richness has contributed to constant reworking and fossicking since then.The role of Aborigines (Pluto, Kitty Pluto, Friday Wilson) in discovering and working the mining claims is significant. In addition, Kitty Pluto is the only woman recorded as discovering a goldfield in Queensland.The removal of portable mining machinery from the Wenlock by the Australian Army during World War Two is an example of the tactical action of denying the enemy resources which could be useful to an advancing enemy.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Lower Camp Goldfield incorporates a wide range of diversified equipment and is comparable to many examples across the state. Isolation has been a factor in the survival of the plant as there were significant access problems. The Huntington mill is rare and the most intact of the two recorded in North Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Wenlock Goldfield has the potential to provide valuable information contributing to an understanding of Queensland&#39;s history. Analysis of the spatial positioning of dwelling sites in relation to mine workings, would provide new information about life at isolated mines on Cape York goldfields in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The diversified collection of surviving mining plant has the potential to contribute significantly to our understanding of early to mid- 20th century gold mining techniques.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Wenlock (Lower Camp) is significant as the focal settlement of the most productive goldfield on Cape York Peninsula during the 1930s. Surviving evidence includes a lone grave, a concrete surface, scatters of housing materials, garden bed edging constructed of beer bottles, remnant vegetable garden/landscaping, and the largest concentration of mango trees recorded in association with a North Queensland mining camp.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The place possesses an evocative quality, engendered by the cultural landscape value of remnant workings and camp remains set within natural bush, which generates aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Ebagoola Township and Battery is a heritage-listed mining camp at Yarraden, Shire of Cook, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1900 to 1913. It is also known as Ada Stewart Battery and Ebagoolah Township. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 15 May 2006.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The township of Ebagoola was situated on the Hamilton Goldfield on the western fall of the McIllwraith Range, on Cape York Peninsula. The goldfield, named after the Member of Queensland Legislative Assembly for Cook, gold miner/investor John Hamilton, was proclaimed on 13 July 1900 following prospector John Dickie&#39;s report of gold in the area in January 1900.</p><br>
<p>Alluvial gold had been discovered on the Cape York Peninsula as early as 1876, on the Coen River, after the Palmer River goldfield drew attention to the region. A small rush ensued in 1878. Although this soon dissipated, by the late 1880s a small township had been formed at Coen. In 1892 the Coen Goldfield was proclaimed officially and reefing work commenced. Although production totals paled in comparison with fields such as the Palmer, within the next few years the erection of batteries and a cyanide works at Coen gave the northern Peninsula a permanent base for prospecting expeditions. Gold was found on the Starcke River in 1890, at Batavia (Wenlock) in 1892, Ebagoola in 1899 and Potallah in 1902.</p><br>
<p>The township of Ebagoola was surveyed in September 1900 to service the newly proclaimed Hamilton Goldfield. The first Ebagoola camp was near the site of Dickie&#39;s discovery, but the surveyed town was located a mile to the north at the northern end of the field.</p><br>
<p>The majority of surveyed allotments were quickly purchased and a number of small businesses were established. Characteristic of new mining towns, these included a butchery (the first business established on the field), a general store and a hotel. These buildings were rudimentary, slab-walled structures with roofs clad with bark sheets held down by saplings, canvas over a ridge pole, and iron sheeting.</p><br>
<p>By November 1900 the population of the field was estimated at 330, of whom 130 were alluvial miners, 100 quartz miners, 50 businessmen and non-miners, and 50 women and children. Fever, dysentery and eye trouble were prevalent in the last part of the year, due to the lack of clean well water. By the end of 1900, as a measure of confidence in the place, three large hotels and several substantial stores had been built, and dwellings were being erected as fast as building material could be obtained. Reserves had been laid out for Government buildings and the hospital on a mound at the northern end of town. The town was serviced by a post office from 1900 to 1917 and a school operated from 1905 to 1914.</p><br>
<p>As mining and ore treatment intensified on the field, Ebagoola township developed rapidly in the early 1900s. New businesses included two cordial manufacturers, a chemist, baker, two barbers, two blacksmiths, a confectioner, tobacconist, dressmaker, two auctioneers, commission agent and an accountant. There was also a tent hospital run by the chemist&#39;s wife, and a coach service from Ebagoola to Port Stewart, the closest port, about 60 km east and about 240 km north of Cooktown. The first gold-bearing ore from the Hamilton field had to be sent to Coen, about 40 km north, for crushing. By November 1900 there was only one 5-head stamper battery on the Hamilton field, and that was poorly equipped. It serviced the output of fifty mines and floods had caused its closure for 12 weeks at the beginning of 1901. However, the official return of gold for 1900 was 806 ounces of reef gold and 12,000 ounces of alluvial, valued at £35,258.</p><br>
<p>At the end of 1900 the 10-head Ada Stewart battery at Coen was relocated to Ebagoola, in time to crush ore during the wet season. A third battery was established on the field soon after.</p><br>
<p>Intensive mining activity in the Ebagoola district proved to be of short duration. Within a decade, the mines were closing. In 1907 the Pioneer battery was moved to the nearby Lukin field and in the same year the Ada Stewart battery changed ownership, and again in 1910. From 1909 to 1913 Berryman and Pool cyanided the Ada Stewart battery sands.</p><br>
<p>By 1910 the population of the field was recorded as 101, less than a third of the estimated population of late 1900. All the mines at Ebagoola had closed by 1913 and the town was practically deserted by the start of World War I (August 1914), with only one hotel, the Hamilton, still operating. By 1924 there were only a few fossickers getting very little gold. Tom Miller, the last resident of Ebagoola, died in 1958 and his corrugated iron hut remains, as do early tree plantings and street alignments.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Ebagoola Township Site and Ada Stewart Battery is located 40 km south of Coen and about 6 km west of the Peninsula Developmental Road. The homestead of Yarraden pastoral station is located nearby.</p><br>
<p>The place occupies a mostly flat area of land and is bounded on its southern side by a disused airstrip. A small hill (known as Hospital Hill) is located at the northeast corner of the site, about 400m northeast of the battery. To the east and west of the site boundary, are two intermittent creeks. The vegetation cover is predominantly grassland and open Eucalyptus spp regrowth, except for the main township area. Open melaleuca forest is evident along the entire western boundary following the course of a dry creek bed. Cattle graze the place, particularly the site of the main Ebagoola township, which remains cleared.</p><br>
<h3>Ada Stewart Battery</h3><br>
<p>The battery is located about 500m north of Ebagoola township and within Lot 8 on E5146. The components of the battery comprise an almost intact three standard steel stamper frame with ten head of stamps in two mortar boxes. The battery is set in compacted clay foundations and as a result of vibration the frame contains a number of major cracks, which have been subjected to makeshift repairs. The body of a single-cylinder flat-bed steam engine is located alongside. The engine has been broken into two sections and the large flywheel has been placed against the stamper frame. Remains of a brick mounting for a Cornish boiler are adjacent to the engine. The boiler, which now lies several metres away, is of an early type.</p><br>
<p>The battery outflow and mill area below the boxes comprises a shallow excavated bench with collapsed belt wheels and a removed camshaft. The only surviving item of secondary processing plant is a grinding pan, which is not in situ. Other items of plant lying around the site include another belt shaft and wheels, a duplex pump, and the body of a smaller grinding pan. An extensive area of tailings extends west from the battery to the creek.</p><br>
<p>The surviving plant consists of:</p><br>
<p>Ten head stamp battery with two 5 stamp mortar boxes - Lallal Iron Coy. Foundry Ballarat (on one mortar box)</p><br>
<p>Cornish boiler - no brand (firedoors removed)</p><br>
<p>Grinding pan (not in situ) - Langlands Foundry Limited Melbourne</p><br>
<p>One-cylinder rocking shaft reversing steam engine - no brand</p><br>
<p>Duplex steam pump (not in situ) - no brand</p><br>
<p>Grinding pan (not in situ) - no brand.</p><br>
<h3>Ebagoola Township Site</h3><br>
<p>The main area of the township site extends for approximately 250m on the eastern side and approximately 50m on the western side of a station track, which aligns approximately with a section of the former main street of Ebagoola Township (McDonald Street). The area remains cleared of low level vegetation and contains numerous stands of exotic trees including mature mango trees, tamarinds and several date palms. Apart from scattered sheets of corrugated iron and timber stumps there is little surface evidence of buildings. A survey peg marked "EK28" demarcates the northern end of the visible remnants of the former township.</p><br>
<p>On western side of the station track and to the south of the survey peg, are indications of former building and habitation sites. Timber stumps, corrugated iron sheeting and piles of roughly cut timber are concentrated in places here and in other areas within the main township area. These remnants are found in close association with exotic trees, usually mangoes. Other notable features within the township area are a number of bottle and rubbish dumpsites, the remains of an old dray or wagon and cattle yard fencing.</p><br>
<p>The only surviving building within the site of the former township is a small corrugated iron hut in the south of the main township area and about 450m south of the survey peg (about 830m southeast of the battery area). This hut was formerly owned by Tom Miller who died in 1958, and was occupied until recently by Christie Steenson of Coen. An open lean-to living area attached to the front of the hut has been removed. The interior is intact, partly furnished (including built-in bush timber shelving & a gas refrigerator of an early type) and in fair condition, although there is evidence of termite activity. A grove of mature mfango trees, glass, metal and other artefact scatters are evident in close proximity to the hut site. A metal drum, sunk into the ground about 10m northeast of the hut, is probably the remains of a toilet. Two stone piles are situated about 12m east of the hut.</p><br>
<p>Extending south from the hut is evidence of a concrete platform or floor and a line of three thickset low timber stumps. Further south of the concrete platform is the remains of a corrugated iron tank, however this does not appear to be in situ.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the remains within the township area, a building and/or dwelling site is located approximately 150m northeast of the battery area, at the western foot of Hospital Hill. This site consists of a group of features including a number of large timber stumps (lying on the ground), several glass scatters, two gateposts, and a large, near- dead Frangipani tree. Two culturally modified trees, thought to be the result of steel axe cuts, are also evident in this vicinity.</p><br>
<h3>Workings</h3><br>
<p>An extensive area of shallow workings extends for approximately 1 km along the western fringes of the gazetted township site from the southwest corner to the battery area in the north. This heavily worked area stretches about 130m to the east in the direction of the station track (McDonald Street). The area is typified by numerous shallow pits and ditches, mullock dumps, machinery, and other metal remains. The most visible feature within this extensive worked area is a 6m high mullock dump found in close association to a concentrated group of shallow workings and machinery parts. This concentration of workings has a diameter of about 50m and includes a broken piece of machinery inscribed with "This end toward the pump" and an almost intact vertical boiler complete with fire door and valve handle.</p><br>
<p>East of the main township area, on the western side and bed of a creek/gully, is a widespread and structureless area of alluvial diggings. This creek/gully aligns with the eastern boundary line of the site.</p><br>
<p>In the southeast of the site, along a fence line forming the site&#39;s southern boundary, is a worked area consisting of shallow pits and mullock dumps.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Ebagoola Township and Battery was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 15 May 2006 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Ebagoola Township Site, established in 1900, is significant in demonstrating the evolution of mining settlements on the remote Cape York Peninsula. After a decade of activity the population dwindled and dwellings were removed, leaving the street alignments and allotments identified by plantings of mangoes and date palms, which are significant in marking the township site today. The combination of the Ada Stewart Battery, remnant workings (both reef and alluvial) and nearby Ebagoola Township Site is important in demonstrating the development of the Hamilton Goldfield, and of small scale but intensive gold mining activity in far north Queensland, in the early 1900s. The Ada Stewart Battery at Ebagoola is significant because it demonstrates the need for reliable crushing batteries on remote goldfields to enable mining to proceed. Its presence on the Hamilton field also demonstrates a typical pattern of moving plant from field to field in response to new economic opportunities, in this case from Coen to Ebagoola.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Major items of plant are significant. The flat-bed engine is rare though now broken. The 10 head battery is one of only two intact 10 head stamp batteries recorded in Cook Shire, and the only Lallal Iron Foundry product recorded in North Queensland. The form of the only remaining building in the Ebagoola township site, Miller&#39;s hut, in such intact condition, is now rare for abandoned mining towns. The surviving combination of reef and alluvial workings, battery and township within such a concise area is quite unusual in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The spatial layout and remnant fabric and earthworks at the Ebagoola township and Ada Stewart Battery are important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of an early, intensively worked goldfield in far north Queensland. The battery includes a 10-head stamper, Cornish boiler, grinding pans, duplex steam pump, reversing steam engine, associated brick and clay machinery mounts, and tailing sands. The nearby township site consists of dwelling sites and associated materials; stands of date palms and mango trees, the remains of cattle yards, while extensive areas of shallow workings and alluvial workings are found throughout the whole site. Miller&#39;s hut in the Ebagoola township site is typical of dwellings in early North Queensland mining camps, although possibly it is of later origin.</p><br>
<p>Old Laura Homestead is a heritage-listed homestead in Lakefield National Park, Lakefield, Shire of Cook, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1902 onwards. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 28 July 2000.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The earliest record of an official application for a license to occupy a new run on the lower Laura River was made by Peter McDermott and Fergus O&#39;Beirne on 14 October 1879. Occupational licenses were granted for twelve month terms and could be converted to form part of a pastoral lease once the run had been stocked to one quarter of its grazing capacity. Brixton and Fox Vale (Old Fairview) runs on the Little Laura River, Boralga Spring and the better grazing country on the Kennedy River at Lakefield and Breeza Plains, had already been occupied and unofficially stocked by this period.</p><br>
<p>McDermott and OBeirne were cousins from Ireland who had travelled overland from Rockhampton to Cooktown where they established a butchers business and resided. O&#39;Beirne was accompanied by his wife, Mary, and two small children, John and Julia. Their third child, Margaret, was born in Cooktown in 1880 and was followed by four other children - Matthew, Fergus, Roderick, and Kathleen.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The elements that make up Old Laura Homestead include station buildings, stockyards, structural foundations and footings, native and introduced trees and vegetation, and the homestead grounds.</p><br>
<h3>Main House</h3><br>
<p>The main house is a two-room high-set timber-frame building clad with corrugated galvanised iron. The building is elevated on bush timber stumps of a local ironwood. Two upstairs bedrooms form a central core with enclosed verandahs on three sides. The upstairs floor is of pit-sawn boards on a pit-sawn frame. Upstairs rooms are externally clad with wide horizontal chamferboards, beaded on the inside at joints to give a narrow pattern on the interior. The rooms are internally clad with narrower horizontal boards that also form the ceiling. Internal cross-wall partitions are clad in corrugated iron on sawn timber studs. Bays of timber louvre shutters enclose the front and sides of the upstairs verandah area above the former handrail. Corrugated iron cladding has been added below the handrail. The verandah area also contains corrugated iron push-out shutters. A gable hip roof clad with corrugated iron covers the central core of the building. Roof rafters are of sapling bush timber. Original purlins are pit sawn, with some milled timber purlins introduced and in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The underfloor space is the main living area and is partly enclosed at the rear with kitchen, dining, storeroom and bathroom facilities that are variously clad with corrugated iron, asbestos cement and plyboard sheets. The house is surrounded by an open lean-to corrugated iron verandah that shades the front and sides of the underfloor space. The verandah awning frame is of bush timber saplings. A recent steel mesh security screen encloses the entire underfloor area at the external edge of the verandahs. A recess in the security screen at the front of the house allows visitors to view three interpretive panels containing photographs and historical information. The ground floor is of cement. The house is equipped with a corrugated iron water tank on a concrete base, and also with an underground septic tank. The house is wired for DC generator power with lighting.</p><br>
<h3>Workshop and Saddle Shed</h3><br>
<p>The alignment of the outbuildings varies slightly from the main house to match the alignment of the adjacent yards.</p><br>
<p>The workshop and saddle shed combine to form a large covered work space to serve a number of functions - garage, workshop, stables and saddle shed. A feature of these buildings is the use of corrugated iron bow roofs. The workshop is constructed of heavy bush timber uprights and bearers supporting the central bow-roof section, descending to skillion roof sections on each side of the shed. The building, which was used at various times as a workshop, garage, storeroom and living quarters; is open except on the eastern side where corrugated iron partitions form two lock-up rooms fitted with sawn timber storage shelves and corrugated iron push-out shutters. The floor for the storerooms is of concrete. The remainder of the building has an earth floor. Timber shelves for tools and spare parts extend along one wall. The interior of the workshop also retains a heavy timber anvil stand. A low-set timber tank stand is located at the southern end of the workshop adjacent to the horse yard site. As Laura station covers mainly black soil and sandy country the stock horses did not require shoeing. There has not been a smithy for shoeing at the homestead since the early 1940s.</p><br>
<p>The adjoining saddle shed is similarly built with bush timber uprights and top plates, though of lighter construction. Roof rafters and purlins are of milled timber. The shed is covered with a shallow bow- roof central core with lean-to roofs on all four sides. The shed is open on all sides. The shed was at times used as stables for the managers and owners race horses during the 1950s and 1960s. Timber racks for the storage of harness and saddles are keyed into the uprights. Many of the racks have been removed. A timber 44 gallon drum rack for the storage of molasses and fuel drums is located at the rear of the saddle shed.</p><br>
<h3>Meat House</h3><br>
<p>A small building of conventional meat house design with an enclosed butchering room at the core, shaded on all four sides by an overhanging pyramidal roof. The building is supported by bush timber uprights and top plates of local ironwood. Roof rafters and purlins are of milled timber. The lower walls of the butchering room are clad with corrugated iron on a milled timber frame. The upper sections are enclosed with flyproof wire gauze. The interior of the room is dominated by a large tree-trunk chopping block. A high-set bush timber bench for curing salt corn beef is located outside the room under the verandah roof. The floor of the meat house is of cement and the floor under the verandah is of antbed and cement.</p><br>
<h3>Stockmen's Quarters</h3><br>
<p>A small building supported by early bush timber uprights and top plates. The building was almost completely rebuilt in 1986 using new milled timber and new bush timber saplings as rafters. A new iron roof and a wall were added. The corrugated iron walls with push-out shutters survive from the original construction. Existing doors and internal partitions are of recent construction. The floor of the quarters is of cement with cement haunching around the base of the iron to stop the entry of snakes. Three Aboriginal families, including two with children, were living in the quarters during the 1960s.</p><br>
<p>About 30 metres north of the stockmens quarters is the site of a demolished building that contained a concrete floor and corrugated iron walls and roof. This building accommodated up to six families of Aboriginal stockmen during the 1940s and 1950s. In 1960 the building was converted into a white stockmens quarters, and by the late 1960s it become an ablutions block. The building was bulldozed post 1979 and the floor is still evident as a pile of broken concrete north of the site.</p><br>
<h3>Stockyards and Dip</h3><br>
<p>The homestead contains an extensive set of horse and stock working yards which demonstrate a continuous process of adaptation, replacement and repair over the span of the station&#39;s operating life. The sections of the yards for handling horses are located at the eastern end closest to the saddle shed. The horse yards include a round breaking-in yard. The cattle killing yard with a ruined butchering gallows is also located in this section, close to the meat house.</p><br>
<p>The central core of the cattle yards comprises crushes for de-horning, cutting, drafting, dipping, and branding. Surrounding the stock working facilities of the central core, are the receiving, forcing and holding yards. The de-horning and cutting crush, cattle dip and stock loading ramp are in better condition than most sections of the yards, possibly through having remained in use and repair until the closure of the station. The loading ramp was built in the early 1960s and is the most recent structure. The most substantial feature of the yards is the cattle dip, which is of the conventional design and construction. The dip was built during the OBeirnes tenure and is the earliest surviving structure within the yards. The walls of the dip are of concrete with concrete rendered steps and pit. Bush timber uprights and rafters support a corrugated iron roof that covers the dip itself. Steps lead out of the dip to a concrete-surfaced draining and pound yard. Beyond the dip is a large circular holding yard over 50 metres in diameter which forms a significant feature of the stockyards.</p><br>
<p>The stockyards are mostly constructed of local Cooktown Ironwood posts keyed for five rail panels. Many of the keyed rails have over the years been damaged or removed and replaced with rails that are hitched to the posts with fencing wire. A number of different configurations are evident with the use and re-use of timber fence rails. An early and significant section of panels is located at the northern end of the large tailing, or cooling, yard alongside the present access track where several heavy ironwood posts still stand. The posts are toggled and keyed for quick removal and replacement of rails. The unchecked actions of termites and the introduction of fire management practices in recent years have made it more difficult to understand the chronology of the changes that have occurred in the stockyards.</p><br>
<h3>Milking Yards and Dairy</h3><br>
<p>These yards form a part of the domestic precinct at the eastern end of the homestead area and are separated from the stockyards by the main house and grounds. It is difficult to fully understand the former layout of the milking yards because of recent fire damage to posts and uprights. The yards appear to have included a fowl run in addition to the milking yards and dairy.</p><br>
<p>The cement floor and bush timber uprights of the dairy remain, though the timber posts are severely fire-damaged. Scattered sheets of iron cladding from the dairy can be found on the ground. Timber fence posts of the milking yards are evident adjacent to the dairy on its northern side. One of two surviving log stock feed troughs, for salt and molasses, is located on the site. The yards were enclosed with K wire mesh on bush timber posts. Most of the K wire mesh within the yards has been removed or damaged. There is widespread use of K wire mesh throughout the station, particularly in stockyards. The mesh is effective pig fencing and may have been used around the homestead to prevent damage by feral pigs. The remains of a pigsty is located at the far eastern end of the yards fenced by lengths of low corrugated iron sheeting. Sheets of iron lie scattered around this area. A ship&#39;s tank for watering is also located in the vicinity.</p><br>
<h3>Grounds and Surroundings</h3><br>
<p>The homestead grounds contain introduced trees and evidence of former gardens and maintained lawns. Posts of the former fence around the house remain standing, including the front gate posts with a pole of the former trellis alongside. This fence was originally covered with K wire mesh. There is no evidence of a tennis court that was constructed in front of the house, just beyond the fence, in 1945. The tennis court was made of antbed and had a high wire fence around it. Close to the house, alongside the front fence, is a concrete collared well, the bush timber uprights of an elevated tank stand, a windmill base, the concrete floor and stumps of a lighting generator and a 44-gallon fuel drum rack. The oil engine for the generator is now on the verandah of the main house. Adjacent to the present car park is a yard enclosed with a post and K wire mesh fence that was formerly used as a stallion paddock, and as a plot for growing experimental pastures including Townsville stylo.</p><br>
<p>The gravel surface of the former Battle Camp road remains visible between the main house and the outbuildings although the alignment has recently been ploughed and rehabilitated. The road, which was put through the homestead during construction, was later re-routed and now by-passes the homestead around the western end of the stockyards. The eastern end of the former east-west airstrip is evident about 200 metres north of the main house. The earth airstrip is now covered with sapling and shrub regrowth.</p><br>
<p>Plantings of introduced trees are concentrated around the house and outbuildings. The main house is surrounded by three mature frangipani trees and two large mango trees. Some of these trees were planted in the 1920s and 1930s. The house yards also contain a small mature mango tree, a large eucalyptus tree and a bean tree. A further three mature mango trees shade the stockmen&#39;s quarters and the workshop. Most of the mature native trees within the homestead area are locally occurring eucalyptus varieties including blackbutt, with some box and ironwood.</p><br>
<p>The Laura River bank is located immediately below the homestead grounds and yards. The river bank in this area contains a mixture of native and introduced plants within a gallery forest environment dominated by mature mango trees in the early fruit garden area. The fruit garden also contained custard apples. This area is a habitat for the spectacular Corypha utan palm which reaches its southern-most regional extent on Lakefield National Park. The homestead potato garden occupied a cleared flat among the mango trees and is now used as an occasional camping area.</p><br>
<h3>Graves</h3><br>
<p>The sites of three graves are claimed to exist within the homestead area. The locations of these graves are shown on the site plan of the homestead contained in this study. The grave of Mick OKeefe is identified by remnants of bush timber stumps (not in situ) and a bent star picket on the fence nearby. OKeefe was a white stockman who died at Laura homestead in the early 1940s after a fall with a horse on Olive Vale station. The grave of an unknown Aboriginal stockman near the branding yard is identified by the occurrence of an area of redder sandy soil. The graves of Polly Seagren, who was buried in 1954, and another Aboriginal woman are located between the cattle dip and the top of the river bank in an area which was subsequently enclosed by yards.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Old Laura Homestead was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 28 July 2000 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Laura Station played an important role in the establishment of a pastoral industry on Cape York Peninsula, as one of the earliest pastoral holdings on Cape York Peninsula to operate under a license to occupy a new run of crown land. The place has associations with the development of Cooktown as a regional centre the Palmer River Goldfield, and with the establishment of transport and telegraphic communications on Cape York Peninsula.</p><br>
<p>The establishment of Laura Station contributed to the dispersal of Aboriginal people in the Laura district, and to the disruption of a traditional lifestyle, and to economic and social dependence on the Cape York Peninsula pastoral industry.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Laura Station contains a rare surviving example of an early Cape York Peninsula pastoral station house that is still structurally sound and in an intact and essentially original condition. The place contains outbuildings and yards which typify traditional methods of construction that are no longer practiced, and which demonstrate a continued reliance on the superior qualities of local building materials.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Laura Station represents an early example of the Cape York Peninsula "timber and iron" pastoral homestead tradition. The main house demonstrates regional construction characteristics of the time of its erection. The house, lean-to verandah, workshop and saddle shed, meat house and stockmen&#39;s quarters, station stockyards each demonstrate the principal characteristics of these types of place.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Laura Station has strong and special associations for Aboriginal people through traditional affiliations with the land. The place also has strong and special associations for Aboriginal people through cultural and social ties with the homestead, and through economic dependence on the station as a component of the regional pastoral industry.</p><br>
<p>Nuggety Gully Water Race and Chinese Camp is a heritage-listed mining camp at Mareeba Mining District, Lakeland, Shire of Cook, Queensland, Australia. It was built from to. It is also known as Greasy Bill Creek water race, Prospect Creek Stone Walls, and Star of Normanby Mine. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Gold was first discovered "officially" in the West Normanby River area, southwest of Cooktown, in November 1874. The first official figures estimate that by the end of January 1875, over 600 men were on the field, many from Maytown. At this point no Chinese appear to have been allowed (by Mining Warden Phillip Sellheim) to enter the diggings. However, by February 1878, at least 200 Chinese were reported to be working the alluvials.</p><br>
<p>In May 1886 Mining Warden Howard Saint George visited the diggings and reported 34 Europeans working the reefs and thirty to forty Chinese employed exclusively in alluvial workings and in gardening. There were three gardens principally devoted to maize, for which there was a ready sale at the reefs.</p><br>
<p>In 1898 R. L. Jack, the Government Geologist, took a hurried look at the reefs long after most of the diggings had been abandoned. His map shows Chinese camps in the district but not at Nuggety Gully, between "Prospector&#39;s Gully" and the Star of Normanby reef. Therefore it is likely that the retaining walls and terraced camp site were constructed between 1878 (the heyday of early mining) and 1886.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Nuggety Gully is a deep ravine with a dry rocky watercourse which drains into Prospect (originally Prospector&#39;s) Creek The place includes a series of stone-pitched retaining walls that extend intermittently along Nuggety Gully for a distance of 600 m north of the Prospect Creek junction from co-ordinates 15.58.53 S - 144.55.54 E to 15.58.37 S - 144.55.56 E. The retaining walls are constructed predominantly on the western side of the Gully. On some bends they are constructed on both sides of the creek, and in two or more tiers. The narrowest sections of the creek between retaining walls are about 2 m in width. The walls vary from 1 m to 2 m in height.</p><br>
<p>The Star of Normanby gold mine workings, comprising a small open cut and a caved shaft, extend across Nuggety Gully about 300 m north of Prospect Creek and are in direct association with the retaining walls.</p><br>
<p>A Chinese settlement site is located on Prospect Creek at its junction with Nuggety Gully. The site comprises nine small earth terraces, several containing stone edging and two containing fireplaces. The larger stone fireplace or oven has recently been partially reconstructed and sticks have been placed across the top. This structure has been wrongly described in a nomination to the Australian Heritage Commission for entry on the Register of the National Estate as "a fort in which Chinese miners hid from attacking Aborigines and fired on them".</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Nuggety Gully Water Race and Chinese Camp was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Nuggety Gully stone-pitched retaining walls and Chinese camp are significant in Queensland&#39;s history as the finest and most extensive surviving example of Chinese stonework.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The direct associations of stone retaining walls, Chinese camp sites and conventional mine workings is exceptional.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Further archaeological and archival investigation could yield information on the extent of Chinese activities and involvement in the Star of Normanby mine area.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The quality of the stonework is significant and it has remained intact due to the broken nature of the country and the difficulties in achieving vehicle access, discouraging subsequent attempts at remining.</p><br>
